2 with 8. Sharing experience on how safe drinking water for 2 billion people is possible with Household Water Treatment and Safe storage (HWTS) at a cost of $8 billion.

MetaMeta Research (

Private sector

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#SDGAction49822

Description

CONTEXT At least 2 billion people use a water source that is contaminated with faeces (WHO, 2022). Safe drinking water with water kiosks or piped systems cost at least $25 per capita for CapEx so reaching 2 billion people with these options would cost at least $50 billion. A much cheaper, be it intermediate, solution that makes water that people drink safe is HWTS as promoted by the WHO and UNICEF. Our initiative will share three decades of experience on both failures and success with HWTS and present “2 with 8”, a game changing approach to reach 2 billion people with HWTS at a cost of $8 billion. This idea was formulated at the 2022 Stockholm Water Week by a group of people guided by John Cherry, recipient of the 2020 Stockholm water prize. HWTS HWTS options include boiling, chlorine, UV and water filters. Over 80 HWTS products are documented by the organisation CAWST. (CAWST, 2021). The WHO tested products and over 30 comply with performance criteria for removal of turbidity and pathogens (WHO, 2022). Each option has its limitations. Boling cost fuel, Chlorine is eliminates bacteria and viruses but not cryptosporidium, a significant cause of child mortality. It also has a taste if not dosed exactly right. UV does not function with turbidity. Filters are expensive. However in Europe, America and Asia the filter market is booming and a proof that filters are market-based so a product that families are willing to pay for. Besides “inline filters” for piped systems there is a range of table top gravity filters that are attractive, effective and affordable with prices of $20 to $60 and filter capacity of 30 - 100 ltrs/day. Some models also remove viruses. If filters comply with the 3 Cs, (Correct, Consistent, Continuous use) and if combined with improved hygiene, they are very effective in reducing water borne diseases. (Wolf. 2018). LESSONS LEARNED Many HWTS projects failed. For instance in East Africa 900.000 filters were given for free but after some time most filters were not used anymore (IRC, 2011). Reasons include complicated maintenance and as a free gift there was limited ownership by the users. However increasingly there are successes. For example, in Ethiopia a local assembly of several models of household water filters started. High quality filter elements are imported and the plastic containers are produced locally. Cost of the cheapest model is $22 and over 300.000 were sold. NGOs give filters to poor families but also many families pay the full price. Interesting in Ethiopia is that a growing number of water utilities accept that they cannot always deliver safe water e.g. due to power cuts, so families have to store water. As an additional service these utilities now sell filters to customers and others (Foppen. 2019). The local production and actions with utilities were funded with aid money.

Expected Impact

2 WITH 8 The expected impact of presenting the idea “2 with 8” is to stimulate action! To show with evidence that with a 1 time grant of around $4 per person, a large part of the SDG.1 target group can have drinking water that is free from biological contamination and protozoa. In case of chemicals like Arsenic or fluor, an option is to collect rainwater just for drinking and use a filter. Actions needed to reach 2 billion people include: 1. Awareness creation Awareness that clear water can still be contaminated, that safe water reduces health related cost, or that a water filter can be paid with the cost of 6 months of bottled water. Awareness needs to be nationwide and for 3 to 5 years on radio, television, social media. An example of such a campaign was in Cambodia. (IDE, 2018) 2. Supply chains In each town there should be shops that sell 3 or more options, so people have a choice. Products should be government approved, comply with the 3Cs and be market- based meaning that supply goes on without NGO or other support. 3. Payment systems Micro credit, pay as you use, group credit. An example can be the Grameen bank 4. Subsidies for the poor An estimated 1 billion people part of the target group of SDG6.1, are so poor that they need support. To avoid market distortion vouchers can be applied. With a voucher of for instance $20 a family goes to the local shop, pay $3 and get a filter worth $23. If they want a filter that cost $33, they pay $13. Households can be divided in those who: A. can afford upfront payment B. need payment in instalments C. cannot pay the full price. Subsidizing the bottom billion is expected to create a commercial supply chain of filters for group A and B and a supply chain for spare parts for all groups. ORGANISATION Realization requires cooperation of Governments, Private sector, NGOs and the Finance sector. No single HWTS business can meet the needs of all these people so the producers of HWTS products could form an alliance similar to the solar light or cookstoves industry to build a dynamic, inclusive, and financially sustainable HWTS industry. FUNDS Funds needed to reach 2 billion people is an estimated $8 billion of which some $2 bln. is for awareness, $1 bln. for supply chains and $5 bln. for vouchers. (200 mln. filters @ $25/filter). Funds could, should? come from parties interested in SDG6.1 and/ or SDGs for health (eg. stunting). A promising (partial) funding source are carbon credits which can be used for awareness creation or supply chain development and in some cases to lower the retail price of a filter. The $8 billion can come from many donors. Governments and NGOs can start small with a village, later a region and if effective scale up to country level.

Partners

Nazava. Basic Water Needs. The Groundwater project, Aqua for All

Additional information

Websites of partners https://gw-project.org/ https://aquaforall.org/project/aggregator-for-filter-sales-in-amhara-regionethiopia/ https://global.nazava.com/ https://www.basicwaterneeds.com/tulip-table-top/ https://washresources.cawst.org/en References • WHO. 2022 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water • CAWST 2021. https://www.hwts.info/products-technologies). • WHO testing scheme. https://www.who.int/tools/international-scheme-to-evaluate-household-water-treatment-technologies • IRC. 2011 https://www.ircwash.org/news/kenya-western-province-lifestraws-carbon-water-program-bogus-says-kevin-starr • Clasen. T. 2015. Cochrane study https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004794.pub3/full • Brown. J. 2008. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23249863_Local_Drinking_Water_Filters_Reduce_Diarrheal_Disease_in_Cambodia • Foppen. H. https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/084-201906foppenholtslagchekoltheutilityappr_002.pdf • IDE Cambodia 2018. https://www.ideglobal.org/story/clean-water • Wolf. J, Clasen,T, Bartram.J et al. 2018: Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and meta-regression. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29537671/ • General info. Heierli. U. 2010; “Marketing safe water systems”. www.poverty.ch

SDGS & Targets

Goal 3

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

3.1

By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births

3.1.1

Maternal mortality ratio

3.1.2

Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

3.2

By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births

3.2.1

Under-five mortality rate

3.2.2

Neonatal mortality rate

3.3

By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases

3.3.1

Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key populations

3.3.2

Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population

3.3.3

Malaria incidence per 1,000 population

3.3.4

Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000 population

3.3.5

Number of people requiring interventions against neglected tropical diseases

3.4

By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being

3.4.1

Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease

3.4.2

Suicide mortality rate

3.5

Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol

3.5.1

Coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, psychosocial and rehabilitation and aftercare services) for substance use disorders

3.5.2

Alcohol per capita consumption (aged 15 years and older) within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol

3.6

By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

3.6.1

Death rate due to road traffic injuries

3.7

By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes

3.7.1

Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods

3.7.2

Adolescent birth rate (aged 10-14 years; aged 15-19 years) per 1,000 women in that age group

3.8

Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all

3.8.1

Coverage of essential health services

3.8.2

Proportion of population with large household expenditures on health as a share of total household expenditure or income

3.9

By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

3.9.1

Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution

3.9.2

Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services)

3.9.3

Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning

3.a

Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate

3.a.1

Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older

3.b

Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all

3.b.1

Proportion of the target population covered by all vaccines included in their national programme

3.b.2

Total net official development assistance to medical research and basic health sectors

3.b.3

Proportion of health facilities that have a core set of relevant essential medicines available and affordable on a sustainable basis

3.c

Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small island developing States

3.c.1

Health worker density and distribution

3.d

Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks

3.d.1

International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity and health emergency preparedness

3.d.2

Percentage of bloodstream infections due to selected antimicrobial-resistant organisms

Goal 5

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls

5.1

End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere

5.1.1

Whether or not legal frameworks are in place to promote, enforce and monitor equality and non‑discrimination on the basis of sex

5.2

Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

5.2.1

Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age

5.2.2

Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence

5.3

Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

5.3.1

Proportion of women aged 20-24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 18

5.3.2

Proportion of girls and women aged 15-49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age

5.4

Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate

5.4.1

Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location

5.5

Ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life

5.5.1

Proportion of seats held by women in (a) national parliaments and (b) local governments

5.5.2

Proportion of women in managerial positions

5.6

Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences

5.6.1

Proportion of women aged 15-49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care

5.6.2

Number of countries with laws and regulations that guarantee full and equal access to women and men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education

5.a

Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in accordance with national laws

5.a.1

(a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure

5.a.2

Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including customary law) guarantees women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control

5.b

Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women

5.b.1

Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex

5.c

Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels

5.c.1

Proportion of countries with systems to track and make public allocations for gender equality and women’s empowerment

Goal 6

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

6.1

By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all

6.1.1

Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services

6.2

By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

6.2.1

Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water

6.3

By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally

6.3.1

Proportion of domestic and industrial wastewater flows safely treated

6.3.2

Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality

6.4

By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity

6.4.1

Change in water-use efficiency over time

6.4.2

Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

6.5

By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate

6.5.1

Degree of integrated water resources management

6.5.2

Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation

6.6

By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

6.6.1

Change in the extent of water-related ecosystems over time

6.a

By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies

6.a.1

Amount of water- and sanitation-related official development assistance that is part of a government-coordinated spending plan

6.b

Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management

6.b.1

Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management

Goal 17

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development

17.1

Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through international support to developing countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and other revenue collection

17.1.1

Total government revenue as a proportion of GDP, by source

17.1.2

Proportion of domestic budget funded by domestic taxes

17.2

Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of ODA/GNI to developing countries and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries

17.2.1

Net official development assistance, total and to least developed countries, as a proportion of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Development Assistance Committee donors’ gross national income (GNI)

17.3

Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from multiple sources

17.3.1

Additional financial resources mobilized for developing countries from multiple sources

17.3.2

Volume of remittances (in United States dollars) as a proportion of total GDP

17.4

Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress

17.4.1

Debt service as a proportion of exports of goods and services

17.5

Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed countries

17.5.1

Number of countries that adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for developing countries, including the least developed countries

17.6

Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism

17.6.1

Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by speed

17.7

Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed

17.7.1

Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies

17.8

Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology

17.8.1

Proportion of individuals using the Internet

17.9

Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation

17.9.1

Dollar value of financial and technical assistance (including through North-South, South‑South and triangular cooperation) committed to developing countries

17.10

Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda

17.10.1

Worldwide weighted tariff-average

17.11

Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the least developed countries’ share of global exports by 2020

17.11.1

Developing countries’ and least developed countries’ share of global exports

17.12

Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access

17.12.1

Weighted average tariffs faced by developing countries, least developed countries and small island developing States

17.13

Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy coherence

17.13.1

Macroeconomic Dashboard

17.14

Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development

17.14.1

Number of countries with mechanisms in place to enhance policy coherence of sustainable development

17.15

Respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development

17.15.1

Extent of use of country-owned results frameworks and planning tools by providers of development cooperation

17.16

Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in all countries, in particular developing countries

17.16.1

Number of countries reporting progress in multi-stakeholder development effectiveness monitoring frameworks that support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals

17.17

Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships

17.17.1

Amount in United States dollars committed to public-private partnerships for infrastructure

17.18

By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries, including for least developed countries and small island developing States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics relevant in national contexts

17.18.1

Statistical capacity indicators

17.18.2

Number of countries that have national statistical legislation that complies with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics

17.18.3

Number of countries with a national statistical plan that is fully funded and under implementation, by source of funding

17.19

By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing countries

17.19.1

Dollar value of all resources made available to strengthen statistical capacity in developing countries

17.19.2

Proportion of countries that (a) have conducted at least one population and housing census in the last 10 years; and (b) have achieved 100 per cent birth registration and 80 per cent death registration

False

Feedback

Action Network

Timeline

01 February 2023 (start date)

31 December 2029 (date of completion)

Entity

MetaMeta Research

SDGs

3 5 6 17

Region

Africa
Asia and Pacific
Latin America and the Caribbean

Other beneficiaries

Direct: NGOs, others active in HWTS, Members of the HWTS network
The private sector (SMEs) in several countries who can be trained in the local assembly and sales of HWTS products with a focus on water filters.
Indirect: People who now drink water contaminated with faeces.

More information

www.metameta.nl, www.smartcentregroup.com

Countries

Cameroon

Ethiopia

Ghana

Kenya

Malawi

Mozambique

Nicaragua

Niger

South Sudan

Global Action Plan

Zambia

Contact Information

Henk, mr

henkholtslag49@gmail.com