气候变化
说明
对许多人来说，气候变暖将会影响淡水、粮食和能源等基本必需品的保障供应，同样，通过适应和减缓措施应对气候变化的努力，也将影响和塑造全球发展议程。气候变化与可持续发展息息相关。面对气候变化将会给社会、经济和自然系统造成的冲击，贫穷国家和发展中国家、特别是最不发达国家将遭受最为严重的影响，其应对能力也将最弱。
国际社会在政治层面对气候变化作出反应始于1992年的里约地球问题首脑会议，当时通过了包括《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)在内的“里约三公约”。《气候公约》提出了旨在稳定大气中温室气体浓度的行动框架，以避免“气候系统受到危险的人为干扰”。《气候公约》于1994年3月21日生效，现有197个缔约方，已接近普遍加入。2015年12月，缔约方大会第二十一届会议(COP21/CMP1)在巴黎召开，会议通过了《巴黎协定》，这项普遍协定旨在将21世纪全球气温升幅控制在2°C以下，以期推动相关努力，将气温升幅限制在高于工业化前水平1.5°C以下。
会员国在《2030年可持续发展议程》中承诺防止地球退化，采取紧急行动应对气候变化。《2030年议程》还在第14段中将气候变化列为“当今时代的最大挑战之一”，并担心“它产生的不利影响削弱了各国实现可持续发展的能力”。全球升温、海平面上升、海洋酸化和其他气候变化产生的影响，严重影响到沿岸地区和低洼沿岸国家，包括许多最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家。许多社会和各种维系地球的生物系统的生存受到威胁。
可持续发展目标13旨在“采取紧急行动应对气候变化及其影响”，同时承认《联合国气候变化框架公约》是谈判达成应对气候变化全球对策的主要国际政府间平台。
可持续发展目标13的相关具体目标侧重于将应对气候变化的举措纳入国家政策，加强气候变化减缓、适应、减少影响和早期预警方面的教育和宣传，加强机构在此方面的能力。可持续发展目标13以字母编号的具体目标还呼吁履行在《联合国气候变化框架公约》下作出的承诺，促进在最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家建立增强能力的机制，帮助其进行与气候变化有关的有效规划和管理。
里约+20会议成果文件《我们希望的未来》强调，气候变化“必将成为长期影响所有国家可持续发展的紧急全球挑战”。会员国在成果文件中对温室气体排放持续上升、各国特别是发展中国家可能遭遇气候变化的不利影响表示担忧。面对这种担忧，会员国呼吁所有国家充分合作，全面参与国际社会有效、适当应对气候变化的努力。
WHAT WE DO
UN DESA is moving the needle forward for harnessing synergies across development and climate action. Through its support to various intergovernmental processes and fora, UN DESA is working to improve coordination with other entities by using the 2030 Agenda as both a framework and guiding principles.
Harnessing Climate and SDGs Synergies
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Synergies between SDGs and climate can be found across all 17 goals. Broader themes such as energy, water, and agriculture are particularly promising for co-benefits and are highly interlinked at the SDG level.
UN DESA is working to support the interlinked SDG and climate frameworks through the Harnessing Climate and SDG Synergies platform, created with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), thus producing related learning series, and analytical reports. In this context, the annual SDG Pavilion at COP brings together partners and contributes to the discussions for synergistic action on climate and SDGs.
Accelerating Universal Energy Access and Net-zero Emissions
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Currently, 75 per cent of all greenhouse gas emissions stem from the energy sector, making it one of the main drivers of climate change.
UN DESA served as secretariat for the High-level Dialogue on Energy in 2021, supporting the preparatory process. As the Secretariat of UN Energy, UN DESA also supported the development of a new strategic focus, including a pledge to assist countries in their efforts on the following objectives by 2025. UN-Energy facilitated the development of a series of ‘Energy Compacts.’
Promoting Water for Sustainable Development
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Climate change is primarily a water crisis. By 2050, the number of people at risk of floods will increase from its current level of 1.2 billion to 1.6 billion.
UN DESA supports the implementation of the “International Decade (2018-2028) for Action – Water for Sustainable Development” and related UN Water Conference on the midterm review which will take place 22-24 March 2023 in New York. UN DESA also supports interagency coordination on water and sanitation by designating the UN-Water Secretary and providing policy advise.
Protecting our Oceans
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Marine and coastal ecosystems provide protection from natural disasters. Oceans provide oxygen and regulate the global climate, acting as a giant sink for GHGs.
UN DESA coordinates and collaborates with the Communities of Ocean Action and the UN Secretary-General's Special Envoy for the Ocean. UN DESA has also been supporting the Governments of Kenya and Portugal to organize the second UN Ocean Conference, held from 27 June to 1 July 2022, and its preparatory meetings.
Protecting our Forests
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Forests help stabilise the climate. They regulate ecosystems, protect biodiversity, play an integral part in the carbon cycle, support livelihoods, and can help drive sustainable growth.
UN DESA provides support to the United Nations Forum on Forests, and its work directly supports the implementation of the UN Strategic Plan for Forests 2030 and the UN Forest Instrument and is guided by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and other relevant global agreements.
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