ATD Fourth World
Contact: Cristina Diez cristina.diez@atd-fourthworld.org
Good Governance in the Context of Extreme Poverty
INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT ATD FOURTH WORLD
Introduction
The 1997 UNDP Report Governance for Sustainable Development states that "Good governance is, among other things, participatory, transparent and accountable. It is also effective and equitable. And it promotes the rule of law. Good governance ensures that political, social and economic priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the voices of the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in decision-making over the allocation of development resources."
Extreme poverty has been defined as the combination of income poverty, human development poverty and social exclusioni, where a prolonged lack of basic security affects several aspects of people’s lives simultaneously, severely compromising their chances of exercising or regaining their rights and of re-assuming their responsibilities in the foreseeable future.ii By its very definition, extreme poverty is an obstacle to the active citizenship which effective governance requires. Among the consequences of extreme poverty is the associated isolation and exclusion, exacerbated by a sense of shame and stigma.iii As a participant with experience of poverty in a peer-review project explained, "The challenge for me is the isolation, the loneliness, the painful awareness that we are not able to join in society or play any part in it."iv Extreme poverty equates to the negation of all social existence due to the impossibility of full enjoyment of fundamental human rights – social, economic and cultural rights, as well as civil and political rights. This negation of social existence means that effective, equitable, participatory, transparent and accountable governance, at whatever geographical or political level, cannot be fully achieved while extreme poverty exists. All thought and discussion on governance must begin by examining how to reintegrate all people, without exception, into the social dialogues which take place within communities, as well as both nationally and internationally. The fact that extreme poverty is first and foremost a human rights violation means that any attempt to build good governance, based on respect for humans and the ethics of responsibility, must first seek its eradication.v
Governance and extreme poverty - challenges for a post-MDG framework
The Millennium Declaration resolved to "To strive for the full protection and promotion in all our countries of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights for all" with the goal of "freeing the entire human race from want." Yet it is apparent that progress has been uneven in achieving the MDGs, both between and within countries, most notably for the very poorest and most marginalised people and populations.vi
Good governance is difficult to attain when those most affected by extreme poverty have trouble getting their voices heard and their interests taken into account by service providers and decision makers. Globally, public expenditure on health, education and sanitation benefit the non-poor far more than the poor, who are powerless to change the situation.vii Powerlessness, compounded by shame, lack of self-
Contact: Cristina Diez cristina.diez@atd-fourthworld.org
confidence and the fear of meeting others stemming from being on the receiving end of contempt from an early age, exacerbates the exclusion experienced by people in extreme poverty. As one participant in a recent participatory research project explained: “Extreme poverty engenders a fear, a shame in people, doubts that stop them from expressing themselves when they should.”viii This renders the delivery of effective, fully inclusive governance, highly problematic.
Participatory research carried out with people experiencing chronic poverty has suggested that encounters with public services were perceived to be associated with the risk of losing resources, being misunderstood, harshly judged or penalised. Research participants felt that the humiliation, lack of respect and contempt they faced could be seen as a form of violence, an attack on their identity as a member of society or of the community, and a denial of their individual humanity. The barriers this created made mutual recognition, understanding and communication impossible.ix The idea that people living in poverty are ignorant, have nothing to contribute or are unworthy of the rights, benefits and aid to which they are fully entitled has a corrosive effect on the quality and fairness of governance at a local and national level.
The promotion of good governance is hampered by the difficulties very marginalised populations face in contributing to the design, implementation, and evaluation of public policies and programmes. In the context of international development, this absence of participation risks creating projects or programmes intended to achieve poverty eradication goals that are ill-adapted to the needs of those experiencing the most extreme poverty. This stems from a limited and incomplete understanding of the realities of people living in extreme poverty. Donors demand quick fix solutions, whilst exhibiting a naive approach regarding the social impact of the projects they oversee, and a voluntary blindness about true levels of project accountability. Staff are reluctant or unable to invest the time necessary to seek out the voices of the most impoverished.x Poor governance therefore makes it increasingly difficult for projects and programmes to tackle extreme poverty. If only the most enterprising members of the community are reached, inequalities may in fact be entrenched, furthering the exclusion of the most vulnerable community member. This undermines the stability and sustainability of any development achieved.xi Crucial to good governance is ensuring the fundamental social bonds that link the individual to society. It is therefore vital to recognise and reinforce the social and family ties which the most marginalised people use to resist the shocks inherent to the experience of extreme povertyxii. When humanitarian or development projects and services fail to recognise their importance, these ties are at risk of being undermined. This creates divisions and damages the resilience of the most marginalised communities and, leaving their inhabitants further susceptible to extreme poverty.xiii A lack of transparent and participative governance mechanisms in environmental and biodiversity projects, and the resulting lack of local support, can also lead to serious damage being done to the ecological systems that people living in extreme poverty rely on, further reducing resilience. Good governance also relies on an active and informed citizen body. Active citizenship not only reinforces social bonds, but also encourages accountability and transparency and protects fundamental rights. However, in many countries people living in extreme poverty are unable to play their roles as active citizens. Barriers to citizenship include the cost of official documents, such as identity papers and birth certificates, high levels of illiteracy amongst the most marginalised communities and a reluctance
Contact: Cristina Diez cristina.diez@atd-fourthworld.org
amongst local officials to acknowledge populations living in informal settlements. People living in extreme poverty also report that the lack of information about their rights as citizens also affects their ability to play an active role in civic society. Further problems are posed by the prejudicial views held by administrators and public officials about the intelligence, ability and motivation of impoverished individuals and communities.xiv Addressing the challenge of good governance from a human rights perspective Good governance can only be achieved if all citizens are able to attain full and effective enjoyment of all fundamental rights. For this reason, it is essential that a post-2015 framework conforms to recognised human rights norms and standards and considers sustainable development within the context of meeting human rights obligations. The advantages of such an approach for effective governance are manifold. A human rights approach is based on equity, non-discrimination and universalism. A human rights approach also stresses the principle of the participation of those affected to be actively involved as rights holders in addressing their situation. It encourages duty bearers to involve people in extreme poverty as citizens with knowledge to offer in finding solutions, which, as a result of their active participation, are more likely to be effective. Of course, the necessary conditions must be met for such participation to be meaningful and genuinely serve poverty eradication efforts. The recently adopted UN Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights provide a practical tool for policy makers in designing their public policies, particularly their poverty eradication efforts. Based on international human rights norms and values, the Principles provide guidance on the application of States’ human rights obligations in the fight against extreme poverty. They highlight the specific rights whose enjoyment by persons living in poverty are particularly limited and obstructed, and in relation to which State policies are often inadequate or counterproductive.xv The Guiding Principles also clearly outline the barriers that people living in extreme poverty face in claiming their rights, and give detailed steps of ways by which state - as well as non-state actors – can counteract them. Given that they are based on agreed human rights norms and standards, they provide a common basis for dialogue between rights holders and duty bearers. By also providing specific implementation requirements, they provide a clear framework for stakeholders seeking to promote effective governance through the implementation of Human Rights.
Promoting participatory good governance in the post-2015 development framework
Families and individuals living in extreme poverty can to play an active role in creating effective and fair forms of governance. Ensuring their ability to genuinely participate all forms of governance, from international institutions to groups responsible for overseeing local development projects, is extremely important. Their participation not only counteracts the stigmatisation faced by impoverished communities, but also improves the impact and sustainability of the policies and programmes designed to address their needs and encourage development.
The following recommendations, created in partnership with government representatives, UN agencies, academics, civil society organizations, and especially, people living in extreme poverty,xvi aim to counteract the challenges that extreme poverty poses to the maintenance of fair and effective forms of government:
Contact: Cristina Diez cristina.diez@atd-fourthworld.org
Develop participatory mechanisms at all levels of governance, in line with the provisions set out in the Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights: “States must ensure the active, free, informed and meaningful participation of persons living in poverty at all stages of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of decisions and policies affecting them …Particular care should be taken to fully include the poorest and most socially excluded persons.”
Ensure that local, national and international institutions encourage participatory governance. The incentives for staff in local, national and international institutions and administrations should be modified to make their governance processes more conducive to implementing participatory approaches. Enable impoverished communities to participate properly in governance. Participation cannot be imposed, and time must be taken to listen to entire communities, not just community 'leaders'. Building the capacity of communities to self organise and build links with wider society should be a priority. The role of CSOs that provide space for people living in poverty to speak with their own voices and take part in decision-making processes, should be recognised. Ensure transparency at all levels of governance whilst creating accountability mechanisms at national and international levels. The effects of participation and the reasons behind governmental and intergovernmental decisions must be clear for all to see. Independent ombudsmen, judicial processes and peer-review systems between countries can all help ensure that participatory governance is not just tokenistic es on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights i UN Human Rights Council. (2008). Promotion And Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social And Cultural Rights, including the Right to Development: Report of the independent expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty, Arjun Sengupta. (A/HRC/7/15, para. 13). Geneva: United Nations. Retrieved from http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/8473081.58874512.html ii UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. (1996). The realization of economic, social and cultural rights: Final report on human rights and extreme poverty, submitted by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Leandro Despouy. (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/13). Geneva: United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.Sub.2.1996… iii Davies, M. (2008). Stigma, Shame and Sense of Worth. In Lister, R. & Strelitz, J. (Eds.), Why Money Matters (p. 89-95). London: Save the Children. iv ATD Fourth World. (2008). Voices for a Change. London: ATD Fourth World. v Godinot, X. (2010). Extreme Poverty and World Governance. Paris: Forum for a new World Governance.
vi UN General Assembly. (2012). Accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals: options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual 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Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/untaskteam_undf/sgreport.p… vii World Bank. (2004). World development Report: Making Services Work for the Poor. Washington DC: World Bank
viii ATD Fourth World. (2013) Towards Sustainable Development that Leaves No One Behind – The Challenge of the Post-2015 Agenda. ATD Fourth World Working Paper. Retrieved from: http://www.atd-fourthworld.org/IMG/pdf/Working_Paper_ATD_Fourth_World_P… ix Brand, A., and Monje Barón, B. (2012). Extreme Poverty is Violence, Breaking the Silence, Searching for Peace. Vauréal, France: International Movement ATD Fourth World.
x ATD Fourth World. (2013). Towards Sustainable Development xi Brand and Monje Barón. (2012). Extreme Poverty is Violence xii Godinot, X. (2012). Eradicating Extreme Poverty: Democracy, Globalisation and Human Rights. London: Pluto Press. xiii Brand and Monje Barón. (2012). Extreme Poverty is Violence
xiv ATD Fourth World. (2013). Towards Sustainable Development xv UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. (2012). Eradication of extreme poverty, a global legal obligation – UN expert tells world governments. Geneva: United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12598&…
xvi ATD Fourth World. (2013). Towards Sustainable Development
Good Governance in the Context of Extreme Poverty
INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT ATD FOURTH WORLD
Introduction
The 1997 UNDP Report Governance for Sustainable Development states that "Good governance is, among other things, participatory, transparent and accountable. It is also effective and equitable. And it promotes the rule of law. Good governance ensures that political, social and economic priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the voices of the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in decision-making over the allocation of development resources."
Extreme poverty has been defined as the combination of income poverty, human development poverty and social exclusioni, where a prolonged lack of basic security affects several aspects of people’s lives simultaneously, severely compromising their chances of exercising or regaining their rights and of re-assuming their responsibilities in the foreseeable future.ii By its very definition, extreme poverty is an obstacle to the active citizenship which effective governance requires. Among the consequences of extreme poverty is the associated isolation and exclusion, exacerbated by a sense of shame and stigma.iii As a participant with experience of poverty in a peer-review project explained, "The challenge for me is the isolation, the loneliness, the painful awareness that we are not able to join in society or play any part in it."iv Extreme poverty equates to the negation of all social existence due to the impossibility of full enjoyment of fundamental human rights – social, economic and cultural rights, as well as civil and political rights. This negation of social existence means that effective, equitable, participatory, transparent and accountable governance, at whatever geographical or political level, cannot be fully achieved while extreme poverty exists. All thought and discussion on governance must begin by examining how to reintegrate all people, without exception, into the social dialogues which take place within communities, as well as both nationally and internationally. The fact that extreme poverty is first and foremost a human rights violation means that any attempt to build good governance, based on respect for humans and the ethics of responsibility, must first seek its eradication.v
Governance and extreme poverty - challenges for a post-MDG framework
The Millennium Declaration resolved to "To strive for the full protection and promotion in all our countries of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights for all" with the goal of "freeing the entire human race from want." Yet it is apparent that progress has been uneven in achieving the MDGs, both between and within countries, most notably for the very poorest and most marginalised people and populations.vi
Good governance is difficult to attain when those most affected by extreme poverty have trouble getting their voices heard and their interests taken into account by service providers and decision makers. Globally, public expenditure on health, education and sanitation benefit the non-poor far more than the poor, who are powerless to change the situation.vii Powerlessness, compounded by shame, lack of self-
Contact: Cristina Diez cristina.diez@atd-fourthworld.org
confidence and the fear of meeting others stemming from being on the receiving end of contempt from an early age, exacerbates the exclusion experienced by people in extreme poverty. As one participant in a recent participatory research project explained: “Extreme poverty engenders a fear, a shame in people, doubts that stop them from expressing themselves when they should.”viii This renders the delivery of effective, fully inclusive governance, highly problematic.
Participatory research carried out with people experiencing chronic poverty has suggested that encounters with public services were perceived to be associated with the risk of losing resources, being misunderstood, harshly judged or penalised. Research participants felt that the humiliation, lack of respect and contempt they faced could be seen as a form of violence, an attack on their identity as a member of society or of the community, and a denial of their individual humanity. The barriers this created made mutual recognition, understanding and communication impossible.ix The idea that people living in poverty are ignorant, have nothing to contribute or are unworthy of the rights, benefits and aid to which they are fully entitled has a corrosive effect on the quality and fairness of governance at a local and national level.
The promotion of good governance is hampered by the difficulties very marginalised populations face in contributing to the design, implementation, and evaluation of public policies and programmes. In the context of international development, this absence of participation risks creating projects or programmes intended to achieve poverty eradication goals that are ill-adapted to the needs of those experiencing the most extreme poverty. This stems from a limited and incomplete understanding of the realities of people living in extreme poverty. Donors demand quick fix solutions, whilst exhibiting a naive approach regarding the social impact of the projects they oversee, and a voluntary blindness about true levels of project accountability. Staff are reluctant or unable to invest the time necessary to seek out the voices of the most impoverished.x Poor governance therefore makes it increasingly difficult for projects and programmes to tackle extreme poverty. If only the most enterprising members of the community are reached, inequalities may in fact be entrenched, furthering the exclusion of the most vulnerable community member. This undermines the stability and sustainability of any development achieved.xi Crucial to good governance is ensuring the fundamental social bonds that link the individual to society. It is therefore vital to recognise and reinforce the social and family ties which the most marginalised people use to resist the shocks inherent to the experience of extreme povertyxii. When humanitarian or development projects and services fail to recognise their importance, these ties are at risk of being undermined. This creates divisions and damages the resilience of the most marginalised communities and, leaving their inhabitants further susceptible to extreme poverty.xiii A lack of transparent and participative governance mechanisms in environmental and biodiversity projects, and the resulting lack of local support, can also lead to serious damage being done to the ecological systems that people living in extreme poverty rely on, further reducing resilience. Good governance also relies on an active and informed citizen body. Active citizenship not only reinforces social bonds, but also encourages accountability and transparency and protects fundamental rights. However, in many countries people living in extreme poverty are unable to play their roles as active citizens. Barriers to citizenship include the cost of official documents, such as identity papers and birth certificates, high levels of illiteracy amongst the most marginalised communities and a reluctance
Contact: Cristina Diez cristina.diez@atd-fourthworld.org
amongst local officials to acknowledge populations living in informal settlements. People living in extreme poverty also report that the lack of information about their rights as citizens also affects their ability to play an active role in civic society. Further problems are posed by the prejudicial views held by administrators and public officials about the intelligence, ability and motivation of impoverished individuals and communities.xiv Addressing the challenge of good governance from a human rights perspective Good governance can only be achieved if all citizens are able to attain full and effective enjoyment of all fundamental rights. For this reason, it is essential that a post-2015 framework conforms to recognised human rights norms and standards and considers sustainable development within the context of meeting human rights obligations. The advantages of such an approach for effective governance are manifold. A human rights approach is based on equity, non-discrimination and universalism. A human rights approach also stresses the principle of the participation of those affected to be actively involved as rights holders in addressing their situation. It encourages duty bearers to involve people in extreme poverty as citizens with knowledge to offer in finding solutions, which, as a result of their active participation, are more likely to be effective. Of course, the necessary conditions must be met for such participation to be meaningful and genuinely serve poverty eradication efforts. The recently adopted UN Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights provide a practical tool for policy makers in designing their public policies, particularly their poverty eradication efforts. Based on international human rights norms and values, the Principles provide guidance on the application of States’ human rights obligations in the fight against extreme poverty. They highlight the specific rights whose enjoyment by persons living in poverty are particularly limited and obstructed, and in relation to which State policies are often inadequate or counterproductive.xv The Guiding Principles also clearly outline the barriers that people living in extreme poverty face in claiming their rights, and give detailed steps of ways by which state - as well as non-state actors – can counteract them. Given that they are based on agreed human rights norms and standards, they provide a common basis for dialogue between rights holders and duty bearers. By also providing specific implementation requirements, they provide a clear framework for stakeholders seeking to promote effective governance through the implementation of Human Rights.
Promoting participatory good governance in the post-2015 development framework
Families and individuals living in extreme poverty can to play an active role in creating effective and fair forms of governance. Ensuring their ability to genuinely participate all forms of governance, from international institutions to groups responsible for overseeing local development projects, is extremely important. Their participation not only counteracts the stigmatisation faced by impoverished communities, but also improves the impact and sustainability of the policies and programmes designed to address their needs and encourage development.
The following recommendations, created in partnership with government representatives, UN agencies, academics, civil society organizations, and especially, people living in extreme poverty,xvi aim to counteract the challenges that extreme poverty poses to the maintenance of fair and effective forms of government:
Contact: Cristina Diez cristina.diez@atd-fourthworld.org
Develop participatory mechanisms at all levels of governance, in line with the provisions set out in the Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights: “States must ensure the active, free, informed and meaningful participation of persons living in poverty at all stages of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of decisions and policies affecting them …Particular care should be taken to fully include the poorest and most socially excluded persons.”
Ensure that local, national and international institutions encourage participatory governance. The incentives for staff in local, national and international institutions and administrations should be modified to make their governance processes more conducive to implementing participatory approaches. Enable impoverished communities to participate properly in governance. Participation cannot be imposed, and time must be taken to listen to entire communities, not just community 'leaders'. Building the capacity of communities to self organise and build links with wider society should be a priority. The role of CSOs that provide space for people living in poverty to speak with their own voices and take part in decision-making processes, should be recognised. Ensure transparency at all levels of governance whilst creating accountability mechanisms at national and international levels. The effects of participation and the reasons behind governmental and intergovernmental decisions must be clear for all to see. Independent ombudsmen, judicial processes and peer-review systems between countries can all help ensure that participatory governance is not just tokenistic es on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights i UN Human Rights Council. (2008). Promotion And Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political, Economic, Social And Cultural Rights, including the Right to Development: Report of the independent expert on the question of human rights and extreme poverty, Arjun Sengupta. (A/HRC/7/15, para. 13). Geneva: United Nations. Retrieved from http://daccess-ods.un.org/TMP/8473081.58874512.html ii UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. (1996). The realization of economic, social and cultural rights: Final report on human rights and extreme poverty, submitted by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Leandro Despouy. (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1996/13). Geneva: United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/E.CN.4.Sub.2.1996… iii Davies, M. (2008). Stigma, Shame and Sense of Worth. In Lister, R. & Strelitz, J. (Eds.), Why Money Matters (p. 89-95). London: Save the Children. iv ATD Fourth World. (2008). Voices for a Change. London: ATD Fourth World. v Godinot, X. (2010). Extreme Poverty and World Governance. Paris: Forum for a new World Governance.
vi UN General Assembly. (2012). Accelerating progress towards the Millennium Development Goals: options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for : options for sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual sustained and inclusive growth issues for advancing the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 Annual reporeporeport of the Secretary 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New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. Retrieved from: New York: United Nations. 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viii ATD Fourth World. (2013) Towards Sustainable Development that Leaves No One Behind – The Challenge of the Post-2015 Agenda. ATD Fourth World Working Paper. Retrieved from: http://www.atd-fourthworld.org/IMG/pdf/Working_Paper_ATD_Fourth_World_P… ix Brand, A., and Monje Barón, B. (2012). Extreme Poverty is Violence, Breaking the Silence, Searching for Peace. Vauréal, France: International Movement ATD Fourth World.
x ATD Fourth World. (2013). Towards Sustainable Development xi Brand and Monje Barón. (2012). Extreme Poverty is Violence xii Godinot, X. (2012). Eradicating Extreme Poverty: Democracy, Globalisation and Human Rights. London: Pluto Press. xiii Brand and Monje Barón. (2012). Extreme Poverty is Violence
xiv ATD Fourth World. (2013). Towards Sustainable Development xv UN Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. (2012). Eradication of extreme poverty, a global legal obligation – UN expert tells world governments. Geneva: United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12598&…
xvi ATD Fourth World. (2013). Towards Sustainable Development