Argentina
ARGENTINA
Working Document for 5 – 9 May Session of Open Working Group
GENERAL COMMENTS:
As Rio plus 20 mandates, we understand that the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals is an intergovernmental process and, as such, deadlines to make observations should not be imposed. This is a relevant process to the international community and there are many concerns that should be consulted with our national authorities and civil society respectively. Negotiations of SDGs objectives and goals have to be UN Member-driven, the current format has reached its end; we must start informal consultations.
As a general principle, negotiations of SDGs objectives and goals have to be UN Member-driven.
As stated by the Co-Chairs, we believe the document is under their own responsibility, and therefore does not necessarily reflect the positions presented by all Un Members.
The process of defining SDGs was launched at the Rio+20 Conference and, therefore, any work must take into account the outcome of Rio+20, and the reaffirmation of the Rio principles agreed in that Conference. Therefore, we want to express our concern that the document circulated by the Co-chairs ignores basic tenets of that outcome, especially the principle of common and differentiated responsibilities.
Moreover, the whole question of development involves addressing the issue of existing asymmetries between developed and developing countries and negotiating ways in which they may be overcome. This is recognized in the Rio principles and, also, for instance, in the Doha Round Mandate for trade multilateral negotiations and the UNFCCC. Thus, this should be also recognized in any SDG document.
In the diverse Focal Areas, no appropriate means of implementation are being specifically identified, and Focus Area 15 addresses “Means of Implementation” in a way which does not sufficiently take into account the asymmetries mentioned above, placing most of the weight of development finance on developing countries.
Negotiation of means of implementation should precede any definition of commitments to be made by countries with regard to sustainable development goals.
The agriculture, industry and economic growth-related focus areas, including sustainable consumption and production, are very unbalanced, and could lead to disguised restrictions on international trade.
We emphasise our disagreement with the inclusion of Focus area 16 (ex 19).
The “Endnotes” which close the document run against UN and multilateral fora practice as it is not common practice to include attributions in this kind of documents. Secondly, they do not accurately reflect the real positions of the countries mentioned, and this could lead to a discussion of the different attributions, what could not be helpful to make progress in the negotiations.
The document uses language which has not been agreed either in UNGA or in multilateral fora with primary responsibility in the negotiations of the subjects it deals with, such as, for example, “climate-smart agriculture”. Using concepts with no multilateral consensus should be avoided, as well as prejudging discussion that are taking place in the competent fora.
There is unnecessary repetition of targets in the different Focus Areas.
We will provide more comments and inputs during the next meeting of the Group.
Focus area 1. Poverty eradication, building shared prosperity and promoting equality
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
a) eradicate extreme poverty by 2030
b) reduce the proportion of people living below national poverty lines by 2030.
c) by 2030 implement nationally appropriate social protection measures including floors , with focus on coverage of the most marginalized
d) build resilience of the poor and reduce by x% deaths and economic losses related to disasters not all countries apply the concept of “resilience”, we should use agreed concepts and change this concept
e) achieve full and productive employment for all, including women and young people :
f) ensure equality of economic opportunity for all women and men , including secure right to own land, property and other productive assets and access to financial services for all women and men
Means of Implementation
- Ensure predictable and adequate international financing for developing countries requiring assistance to implement poverty reduction policies and programmes,
- Ensure the fulfillment of the commitments by developed countries to provide 0.7 per cent of gross national income (GNI) for official development assistance (ODA) for developing countries, as well as a target of 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of gross national product for official development assistance to the least developed countries by 2020 and 1 per cent by 2030
- Ensure that global trade and investment rules are designed and implemented with the objective of addressing pro-actively the specific constraints faced by developing countries, including the effective operationalization of the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, especially those facing increasing marginalization in the globalizing world economy
- To ensure that adequate policy space is given to developing countries by International organisations and rules to enable developing countries to establish and implement their policies in favour of poverty eradication and interests of the poor
Ensure debt sustainability
Focus area 2. Sustainable agriculture, food security and nutrition
End hunger and improve nutrition for all through sustainable agriculture and improved food systems
Title of this goal should be modified to “End hunger and improve nutrition for all”
We propose the following additional targets:
- increase agricultural productivity by x%, including through adequate irrigation, seeds and fertilisers, while in parallel halting and reversing land degradation, drought and desertification
- Enhance productive capacity of small farmers in developing countries through proper functioning of markets, storage, rural infrastructure, research, post-harvest practices
- Increase by x% market access for agricultural products from developing countries by 2030
a) all people have access to adequate (safe, affordable, diverse and nutritious) food all year round
b) end malnutrition in all its forms, notably stunting and wasting in children under five years of age
c) by 2030 ensure more sustainable food production systems with higher yields, and reduce intensity of use of water by at least x%, chemicals by at least y%, and energy by at least z% whenever and wherever possible, given the particular conditions, development priorities and limitations of each country.
It is impossible to demand high yields to all countries, when most of them are not able to produce high yields due to natural and climatic conditions.
The establishment of “x” and “y” universal percentages does not take into account the principle of common and differentiated responsibilities, as stated by the Rio+20 Conference Outcome (par.15). Furthermore, it should be borne in mind that there are countries –especially LDCs- which will find it impossible to reduce the intensity of water use, consumption of chemicals and of energy since their agricultural sector is based on self-sufficient agriculture, and should they become capable of producing surpluses, they will necessarily demand more use of water and/or chemicals. As stated, this target will reinforce poverty in the poorest countries. In addition, reducing the intensity of use of water, chemicals and energy in the agricultural sector would mean producing less food, in contradiction with the need to safeguard food security in the context of a world growing population during the next decades.
d) by 2030 achieve access to adequate inputs, knowledge, productive resources, financial services and markets for small farmers and fishers, with a particular focus on women and indigenous peoples
e) reduce the global rate of loss and waste along the food supply chain by 50 percent by 2030
The inclusion of a reduction of 50% for all countries does not take into account the existing asymmetries between developed and developing countries. Moreover, it seems too ambitious; any percentage should be based on assessments made by experts on the field, particularly in LDCs. On the other hand, in countries which have relatively little waste it will be definitely impossible to reduce waste by 50% if they are major agricultural producers.
f) all countries should aim at having have in place sustainable land-use agriculture policies by 203020, and all drought-prone countries develop and implement drought preparedness policies by 2020
“Sustainable land-use” is not multilaterally agreed language, it was not mentioned in the Outcome of the Rio+20 Conference, and it is misleading. The correct expression should be “sustainable agriculture”, as agreed in the Rio plus 20 Conference, but the document should be speaking of “aiming at”, not of “having in place”; implementing sustainable agriculture policies cannot be achieved in five years time at a global level.
g) achieve climate-smart agriculture that is resilient and adaptable to extreme weather including drought, climate change and natural disasters
h) achieve by 2030 protection of agricultural biodiversity, including through use of the practices and local knowledge related to agro-biodiversity and diversity of food
In relation to g), “climate smart agriculture” is not-agreed language at multilateral level, as it is a concept proposed by the FAO Secretariat but that has not been agreed by its Members neither by UN Members. In addition, the scope of that concept is unclear, and it could lead to mitigation in the agricultural sector in absolute terms, which is not technically possible due to the need of feeding a growing world population.
Moreover, the concept has not been agreed in the competent multilateral fora on climate change, the UNFCCC, in which there is consensus to work on adaptation of agriculture to the adverse effects of climate change (through proposals by the G77 and China), and not on mitigation. In this respect, the SDGs should not prejudge the discussions in the primary fora and should not include the concept. Instead, they should focus on increasing the adaptive capacity of agriculture, in line with the agreements reached in the UNFCCC and the urgencies faced by the agricultural sector due to its particular vulnerabilities to climate change impacts. In addition, the scope of “resilience” remains unclear and is unnecessary since it would duplicate the term “adaptable”.
In relation to h), “agricultural biodiversity” it is not clear its scope or meaning, and it would be positive to clarify its definition, as it has not been included in the Convention on Biological Biodiversity.
Means of Implementation
- Eliminate by 20xx all export subsidies in developed countries (in line with WTO Hong Kong Declaration 2005, which agreed on an elimination target year of 2013)
- Substantially and effectively phase out trade distorting subsidies in developed countries by x% by 20xx
- Increase the flow, transfer and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound agricultural technologies to developing countries by 2020
- Support developing countries, especially LDCs, in implementing capacity building programmes in support of the national plans for agriculture
- Provide developing countries adequate policy space, including in conditions for loans and aid, to support their agriculture sector and their farmers through various measures such as credit, marketing, storage, processing, provision of agricultural inputs, land reform and land improvement measures, and measures to make agriculture more sustainable through improved sustainable agriculture methods
- Avoid rules that create barriers to small farmers’ access and use of seeds and other agricultural inputs, for example the patenting by international companies of seeds or genetic resources that originate in developing countries
Focus area 3. Health and population dynamics
Healthy life at all ages for all
a) by 2030 reduce the maternal mortality ratio to less than 40 per 100,000 live births , end preventable new-born and child deaths and reduce by x% child and maternal morbidity
b) by 2030 end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases PROPOSAL: b) alt: Promote prevention and early detection and ENSURE UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO THE COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF HIV / AIDS tuberculosis, malaria and other tropical disease,.
c) reduce by x% the risk of prematurePREVENTABLE mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs), injuries and promote mental health with strong focus on prevention It is not appropriate to set the same goal for diseases (with emphasis on prevention) and mental health, where the emphasis is on the human rights of people with disabilities and therefore on the person, not the symptom or disease. We suggest replacing “premature mortality” with “preventable mortality”, in line with the most widely used terminology, and removing “and promote mental health” from this section.
d) achieve universal health coverage (UHC), including financial risk protection, with particular attention to the most marginalized The added value of the referring to “financial risk protection” in this paragraph is unclear.
e) by 2030 ensure universal access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all,
f) ensure universal access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health for all, including modern methods of family planning .
g) decrease by x% the number of deaths and illnesses from indoor and outdoor air pollution and other forms of environmental degradation Although we understand the overall purpose of this goal, it is unclear how it is determined what deaths can be directly attributed to pollution. So, this goal lacks the clear and effective impact we are looking for in the new agenda.
h) Eliminate narcotic drug and substance abuse The debate on this issue is not ripe enough to include a target in this framework.
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- Support research and development of vaccines and medicines for the common diseases of developing countries
- Ensure affordable access to affordable medicines, including through the use of TRIPS flexibilities to obtain use and produce affordable generic medicines by 20xx
- Further collaboration and cooperation at the national and international levels to strengthen health systems through increased health financing, recruitment, development and training and retention of the health workforce, through improved distribution and access to safe, affordable, effective and quality medicines, vaccines and medical technologies, and by improving health infrastructure
Focus area 4. Education and life-long learning
Provide quality education and life-long learning for all
a) by 2030 ensure universal, free, equitable access to and completion of quality primary and secondary education for all girls and boys, leading to effective learning outcomes .
ensure that persons with disabilities have access to inclusive education, skills development and vocational training as well as their access into labor markets by 2030”
b) by 2030 increase by x% the proportion of children able to access and complete quality pre-primary education .
c) by 2030 achieve universal youth and adult literacy, with particular attention to women and the most marginalized .
d) by 2030 increase by x% the number of young and adult women and men with vocational training, technical, engineering and scientific skills
e) integrate relevant knowledge and skills in education curricula, including ICT skills , education for sustainable development, and awareness raising on culture’s contribution to sustainable development .
f) all schools to provide safe and healthy learning environment for all students .
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- expand by x% globally the number of scholarships for students from developing countries in particular LDCs to enroll in higher education programmes in developed countries and other developing countries, with focus on science, engineering and management
Focus area 5. Gender equality and women’s empowerment
Attain gender equality and women’s empowerment everywhere
a) by 2030 end all forms of discrimination against women of all ages
b) by 2030 end violence against women and girls in all its forms,
c) by 2030 ensure equal access to education at all levels
d) by 2030 ensure equal employment opportunities for women and equal pay for equal work
e) by 2030 ensure equal access to, and control of, assets and resources, including natural resources management
f) ensure equal participation and leadership of women in decision-making in public and private institutions
g) by 2030 end child, early and forced marriage
h) by 2030 reduce the burden of unpaid care work
i) by 2030 ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights
j) promote the availability of gender disaggregated data to improve gender equality policies, including gender sensitive budgeting
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- Use of enabling technologies, in particular ICT for the empowerment of women
Focus area 6. Water and sanitation
ACCESS TO Water and sanitation for a sustainable world FOR ALL
a) by 2030, provide universal access to safe and affordable drinking water, sanitation and hygiene , especially for women and girls HYGIENE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN HEALTH AREA
b) by 2030, improve wastewater management, recycling and reuse by x%
c) by 2030, improve water-use efficiency by x% in all sectors, with particular focus on agriculture
A specific target on the increase of water use efficiency would be contrary to the principle of CBDR, and agriculture should not be particularly targeted in comparison to other sectors, since it is fundamental for food security and for social and economic development and poverty eradication, in particular in developing countries
c)d) implement integrated water resource management, including appropriate trans-boundary co-operation
d)e) by 2030, bring fresh water extraction in line with sustainable supply, protect and restore ecosystems, to provide water-related services
e)f) by 2030, significantly improve water quality, eliminate pollution and dumping of toxic materials in water bodies, and protect aquifers
f)g) invest in water harvesting and storage technologies, and double the rainwater harvested by 2030
g)h) decrease by x% mortality and serious injuries, and decrease economic losses caused by water-related disasters, by 2030
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
Support efforts in developing countries on water and sanitation activities and programmes, through provision of financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer
Focus area 7. Energy
Ensure access to affordable, sustainable, and reliable modern energy SERVICES for all
a) by 2030 ensure universal access to sustainable modern energy services
b) double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030
c) double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency, including in buildings, industry, agriculture and transport, by 2030
d) by 2030 increase by x% the share of clean and low- or zero-emission energy technologies, including sustainable biomass and advanced cookstoves
e) by 2030 rationalise and phase out fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption over the medium term, whenever possible, while being conscious of the necessity to provide targeted support for the poorest
On c), we consider the global target on energy efficiency should be general, as presenting a list of sectors could risk of being too prescriptive, when each country should define, in accordance with its nationally defined priorities, the sectors where it would be most appropriate to improve energy efficiency.
On d), we prefer not to predetermine a specific target for the share of clean energy technologies, as this will depend on national policies, circumstances and needs. Any “one size fits all” policies and global measures would be in contravention of the principle of CBDR and would not recognize the differences between developing and developed countries. In addition, the multilaterally agreed terminology is “clean energies”, that would cover energies that contribute to climate change mitigation.
On e), on fossil fuel subsidy reform, this issue has been addressed in the UN Rio plus 20 Conference, and it is important to respect the outcome document, where countries reaffirmed, in its par. 225, the “commitments they have made to phase out harmful and inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption and undermine sustainable development, while there was an invitation for others to consider rationalizing inefficient fossil fuel subsidies by removing market distortions, including restructuring taxation and phasing out harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, with such policies taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries, with the aim of minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development and in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities”.
In addition, this issue has to be seen from the broader perspective of the relationship of energy with development and poverty eradication, even more in a global context in which 1.4 billion people do not have access to energy services, and where developing countries subsidies are related to social development aspirations. It is important to take into account the national character of energy policies, and to avoid international policy recommendations that could not be appropriate for specific national conditions and priorities.
Means of Implementation
- Encouraging public and private sector investment, in particular public-private partnerships, in relevant and needed cleaner energy technologies
- Encourage the use of TRIPS flexibilities in relation to promoting the use of environmentally sound energy technologies
- Strengthen international cooperation, including the provision of financial resources, building and technology transfer to developing countries to support their efforts towards universal energy access
- Enable greater access by developing countries to affordable access to clean energy technology, and in this regard, operationalize the UN Global Technology Facilitation Mechanism by 2017
- Remove by 20xx, barriers that developing countries face or may face, in obtaining access to clean energy technologies
Focus area 8. Economic growth, employment and infrastructure
COMMENT:
- Given that there was no mandate from member states for their merger with the focus area of ‘economic growth’, we strongly insist that the Focus Areas of Infrastructure and Employment be restored as independent focus areas.
- While the focus area talks of ‘Infrastructure’, this is missing from the proposed goal
Promote sustainable, inclusive and sustained economic growth and decent jobs for all
a) sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the income distribution of each country to reduce income inequalities by 2030
PROPOSALS:
a) bis) “Attain trend economic growth of at least 6% per annum in low income countries and near to that level for other developing countries
a) ter) by 2030 increase significantly the incomes of economic activities of community organizations, small-scale producers and microenterprises in all sectors.
a) quat)Promote growth policies that incorporate elements of social inclusiveness (especially benefits to the poor and vulnerable), economic inclusiveness (promotion of small and medium enterprises and small farmers) and environmental sustainability
a) quint) “Support the development and improve the provision in particular in developing countries of reliable and sustainable transport, including road and rail links, ports, air and trade routes, financial services and ICT connectivity”
b) achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all who seek employment including for marginalized groups by 2030
c) halve substantially reduce the number of youth not in employment, education or training by 2020
Each country faces different youth unemployment problems, and an across the board reduction of 50% by 2020 is unrealistic. Moreover, the impact of the consequences of the global economic and financial crises between 2007 and 2012 are making themselves felt on developing countries, which are seeing their economic growth rate being substantially reduced, and that situation may not be reversed in the short-term.
d) DELETE ALT by 2030 improve by x% the energy and resource productivity of economic activities and reduce by y% their waste and emissions per unit of output -
This paragraph runs against par.15 of the Rio+20 Conference Outcome, and it does not take into account “common and differentiated responsibilities”, equalizing developing and developed countries´obligations in terms of environmental protection. This would also be contrary to the special and differential treatment for developing countries in WTO rules.
e) ALT Devise and implement policies aimed at increasing the role of create appropriate climate for SMEs in national economies, as well as promoting entrepreneurship and innovation by 203020
There is no agreement on the meaning of “climate. The wording should be more specific in aiming at increasing the role of SMEs in national economies. It should also set a realistic date by 2030, since, as it was said above, the economies of developing countries are being deeply affected by the impact of the consequences of the last two global economic and financial crises.
f) increase the share of high productivity sectors and activities in the economy , and strengthen productive capacities through technological upgrading and greater value addition, with a particular focus on LDCs
g) develop sustainable infrastructure accessible to all , with attention to needs of countries in special situations , and by 2030 provide access for 100% of rural populations to basic infrastructure and services
h) protect the rights of all workers, including migrant workers, in compliance with ILO fundamental rights at work
i) end child labour by 2030
j) encourage formalization of informal sector activities and employment
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- facilitating international technology cooperation and technology transfer, particularly for environmentally sound technologies
- Developing countries to be provided with international financing to enable them to implement growth and development strategies
- International trade and investment rules should be designed to promote growth and development of developing countries, especially low income countries
- Debt relief for developing countries
- Establishing a UN Global Technology Facilitation Mechanism
- Create conducive regulatory and financial systems at all levels to promote sustained growth in developing countries
- Promote trade facilitation and market access for developing countries
- Provide support to developing countries in planning and building resilient infrastructure including for disaster risk reduction
COMMENT:
The objectives of inclusive economic growth and decent employment are clearly related, although in the current wording the link between the two is not clear and should be deepened through the selection of a few targets which connect them. In this sense, we estimate that targets (b), (c) and possibly (j) could be consolidated into two or one target with strong ability to impact and transform reality.
The goals from (d) to (g) seem closer to economic development conditionalities than to an inclusive development agenda, and the amplitude of said proposals raises doubts about the capacity of states to set specific comparable indicators and to follow them from a comprehensive perspective of sustainable development.
Focus area 9. Industrialization and promoting equality among nations
Focus area 9. Industrialization and promoting equality among nations
Promote sustainable industrialization and equality among nations
a) ensure adequate policy space and a conducive policy environment for promote industrial development, including encouragement of industrial entrepreneurship and enterprise formation with inclusion of industrial SMEs
As it was pointed out with regard to the meaning of “climate” in Focus Area 8 (e), there is no agreement with regard to “conducive policy environment”. The wording should be more specific in aiming at increasing the role of SMEs in national economies. It should also set a realistic date by 2030, since, as it was said above, the economies of developing countries are being deeply affected by the impact of the consequences of the last two global economic and financial crises.
PROPOSALS:
A bis) “Developing countries to climb to the next stage of economic development by 2030”
A ter) “Increase economic diversification in developing countries including by adding value to raw materials and commodities through domestic processing and manufacturing”
A quat) “ Achieve sustained industrial development in developing countries especially low income countries by raising the share of manufacturing and upgrading industrial technology and capability”
A quinta) “ensuring favourable market access for industrial products and processed commodities of developing countries”
Add “Establish measures at global level to reduce inequality among countries”
b) create decent industrial sector jobs and promote job-rich industrial development
c) achieve high productivity levels across industrial sectors in all countries
d) by 2030 increase industrial diversity particularly in developing countries, with a focus on shifting towards higher value-added activities
e) by 2030, increase by x% the resource-efficiency of industry , reduce by y% harmful chemicals used and waste generated , and decrease by z% the intensity of carbon emissions from the industrial sector
Again, this paragraph runs against par.15 of the Rio+20 Conference Outcome, and it does not take into account “common and differentiated responsibilities”. Moreover, the intergovernmental process of defining the SDGs should not advance in matters which are still being negotiated within the UNFCCC.
f) increase by a factor of x the share of environmentally sustainable products and services in GDP
Once more, this paragraph runs against par.15 of the Rio+20 Conference Outcome, and it does not take into account “common and differentiated responsibilities”. In addition, there is no multilaterally agreed definition on “environmentally sustainable products and services” nor was it included in the Rio+20 Outcome. Neither is there a consensus in the WTO on “environmental goods”; so, this proposal is contrary to the WTO non-discrimination rules between similar products.
g) by 2020 implement plans and measures to strengthen the technological capabilities of industrial sectors, including plans to accelerate development, transfer and adoption of environmentally sound industrial technologies and processes
The dimension of transfer of technologies is missing, when there are obligations for developed countries to transfer technologies to developing countries for these ones to develop endogenous technologies and know-how.
h) DELETE
h)by 2030 retrofit x% of existing industries on global level based on energy and resource-efficient technologies and environmentally sound industrial processes
The comments to above also apply to this target.
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- Ensure that international trade rules and regulations are consistent with the objectives of industrial development and technological progress in developing countries in order to ensure equality of economic opportunities for all
- Strengthen international cooperation, including the provision of financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer to developing countries” in support of developing countries’ industrial development objectives
- Developing countries to be provided with international financing, technology and capacity building to enable them to develop their infrastructure
Focus area 10. Sustainable cities and human settlements
COMMENTS:
-Move targets on Disaster Risk Reduction from Focus Area 1 and Focus Area 6
-There is over-emphasis on ‘Cities’ in targets under this goal. It would be better to keep a broad and inclusive approach, so as not to neglect rural areas.
Build inclusive, safe and sustainable cities and human settlements
a) By 2030, ensure universal access to adequate and affordable housing and basic services for all , and eliminate slum-like conditions everywhere
b) By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport for all , improve road safety and urban air quality
c) enhance capacities for integrated urban planning and management
d) by 2030, reduce the ecological footprints of cities by x% -
This concept has no definition and has not been accepted at the international level
e) by 2020, increase by x% the number of cities rural and urban areas’ adopting and implementing policies and plans towards resilience and adaptation to climate change and natural disasters
f) by 2030 enhance social cohesion and personal security, and ensure universal access to inclusive and safe public spaces
g) by 2030 ensure that all cities are accessible and offer opportunities to persons with disabilities
h) protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- Provide developing countries with enhanced international financing to enable them to promote sustainable human settlements
- Support the development and improve the provision in particular in developing countries of reliable and sustainable transport, including road and rail links, ports, air and trade routes, financial services and ICT connectivity
- Assist developing countries in enhancing their capacities and ensure affordable access to related know-how, science, technologies and innovations
Focus area 11. Sustainable Consumption and Production
Promote sustainable consumption and production patterns
COMMENTS
- This goal needs an explicit assertion that developed countries are to take the lead
Reduce the average material intensity of consumption per capita in developed countries by xx% in 2030
a) by 2030 achieve sustainable management and use of natural resources
a bis)Reduce per capita energy consumption in developed countries by x% by 20xx
a ter) Reduce per capita wastage of food at consumer level in developed countries by x% by 20xx
a quat)Ensure the full and effective implementation of 10 FYP on SCP taking into account for developed countries to take the lead in the process
a quint) Promote sound management of chemicals and hazardous materials in accordance with agreed international frameworks
b) by 2030 reduce waste by x% through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
c) DELETE improve the resource productivity of economic activities by x% , including through sustainable supply chains by 2030
In relation to c), it is unclear the scope of the mention to “resource productivity of economic activities”, as well as “sustainable supply chains”, as this is not multilaterally defined.
d) by 2030 redouble efforts to raise awareness for creating a culture of sufficiency and sustainable lifestyles that contribute to sustainable development , including sustainability information on products and services
On d), “sustainable lifestyles” is not defined in the Rio plus 20 outcome document, nor the inclusion as part of that concept of the sustainability information on products and services. On this issue, the agreements agreed in Rio should be respected, in particular par. 47 and 48, in particular the needs of developing countries for capacity building in this regard.
e) DELETE by 2020, encourage economic incentives that promote sustainable consumption and production patterns including through a product life-cycle approach
On e), it is unclear the scope of the mention to “economic incentives that promote SCP patterns”, as it goes beyond Rio plus 20 outcomes and could relate to subsidies with trade implications.
f) by 2030 increase by x percentage points the share of publicly listed and large companies reporting on corporate social and environmental responsibility , including integrated reporting
On f), as agreed in Rio plus 20 (par. 47), the corporate sustainability information needs to considered by publicly listed and large companies, moreover taking into account the specific challenges that small and medium enterprises face in this respect, due to their relative minor financial and technological capacities.
g) REFORMULATE OR DELETE by 2030, all financial sector actors incorporate sustainable development principles in their business practices
h) create incentives for sustainable tourism
COMMENT:
The current wording of the targets does not seem to reflect the reality of developing countries. The proposed actions will only be possible with strong agreements on means of implementations.
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- Provide financial and technological support as well as capacity building required to achieve SCP patterns in developing countries
- Assist developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacities to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production
Focus area 12. Climate change
Take urgent and significant action to mitigate and adapt to climate change
Build a climate change goal based on the outcome of COP21 of the UNFCCC
a) hold the increase in global average temperature below an x°C rise in accordance with international agreements
b) build resilience and adaptive capacity to climate induced hazards in all vulnerable countries
c) integrate climate adaptation and emissions reductions into development plans and poverty reduction strategies
d) introduce instruments and incentives for investments in low-carbon solutions in infrastructure, industry and other sectors
e) improve education and awareness raising on climate change
Appropriate means of implementation
COMMENT
We cannot not prejudge the outcome of the COP 21 (Paris 2015). The UNFCCC is the only forum where issues related to climate change are negotiated. Also, cannot accept to establish an objective within this process because the targets/goals on climate will be decided in the framework of the UNFCCC.
We call for the deletion of this standalone goal and to appropriately mainstream climate change under relevant goals. Climate change can also be addressed in the narrative.
It is also important to flag that no matter whether under a standalone goal or as mainstreamed under other goals, any reference to climate change must be accompanied with an explicit inclusion of the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC in particular equity, CBDR and RC. This is important so as not to prejudice the positions of delegations under the ongoing negotiations in UNFCCC.
Focus area 13. Conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, oceans and seas
Take urgent and significant actions for the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, oceans and seas
COMMENT:
Due to the fact that most of these targets are based on previous commitments of Agenda 21, Johannesburg and Rio plus 20, we propose to tackle them in a cross-cutting manner, eliminating focus area 13 as such and incorporating them in other focus areas, such as Economic Growth /Sustainable agriculture – Focus Area 2- (fisheries subsidies) and Ecosystems and Biodiversity –Focus area 14-. .
a) by 2030, prevent, control and reduce by x% marine pollution and marine disposal of waste and tailings, including from land-based activities
b) by 2030, restore and protect marine ecosystems from destruction , including by halting and preventing ocean acidification
c) by 2030, regulate harvesting to restore fish stocks to ecologically safe levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield , and support sustainable small-scale fisheries
d) develop and ensure the full implementation of existing regional and international regimes governing oceans and seas, including for resources in areas beyond national jurisdictions ALT: ensure full implementation of existing international instruments for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and seas and their resources, and support the GA’s convening a negotiation of an implementing agreement of UNCLOS for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.
e) by 2020, combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and destructive fishing practices in accordance with international law
f) establish conservation measures, including Marine Protected Areas within national jurisdiction, consistent with international law
g) by 2030, eliminate fisheriesing subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, in accordance with WTO Doha and Hong Kong mandates
On g), Commitment to the WTO mandates on the general prohibition of fisheries´subsidies need to be reflected in a strong manner, in particular of the WTO Doha Declaration (2001) and the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration (2005). These mandates have been adequately reflected in par.173 of the Rio plus 20 outcome document.
Focus area 14. Ecosystems and biodiversity
Protect and restore terrestrial ecosystems and halt all biodiversity loss
a) by 2020 halt the RATE OF loss of all biodiversity, including habitats, and protect threatened species
b) by 2020 ensure conservation and sustainable use of BIODIVERSITY AND ecosystems, including through restoration of degraded critical ecosystems
c) maintain genetic diversity of both farmed species and their wild relatives
d) by 2030, ensure sustainable management of all forests and mountain ecosystems, halting REDUCE deforestation and increasing INCREASE reforestation by x%
e) by 2030, achieve a land degradation neutral world
f) ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from THE USE OF natural assets, including genetic resources
g) end STRENGTHEN MEASURES AGAINST poaching and ILLEGAL trafficking of endangered species
h) by 2030, PRIORITY INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES ARE CONTROLLED OR ERRADICATED eliminate invasive alien species
i) ensure inclusion of indigenous PEOPLES and local communities in decision making, and promote THE RELEVANCE OF traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES FOR THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY
Appropriate means of implementation
COMMENTS: The proposed modifications have the objective of aligning this goal with the agreements in the Biodiversity Convention
Trade:
a) promote an open, rules-based, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading and financial systems , including complying with the agricultural mandate of the WTO Doha Round
The heading is on Trade; therefore, the wording should solely concentrate on trade issues. The WTO does not include negotiations on financial flows.
b) provide greater duty-free and quota-free market access to least developed countries in accordance keeping with World Trade Organization decisions
c) improve market access for agricultural and industrial exports of developing countries, especially Least Developed Countries, and at least double the share of LDCs’ exports in global exports by 2020
Technology transfer, technological capabilities:
d) enhance regional and international cooperation for science, technology, and innovation and solutions-oriented research , and enhance knowledge sharing, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation
e) promote transfer and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound technologies to developing countries.
f) fully operationalize the Technology Bank and STI Capacity Building Mechanism for LDCs
g) strengthen institutions and build capacities in developing countries to undertake research, development and adaptation of technologies, including clean and environmentally sound technologies
h) support fully research and development of vaccines and medicines for the common diseases of developing countries, taking into account their characteristics, needs and priorities, notably LDCs
Financing and debt sustainability:
i) full implementation by developed countries of ODA commitments on an agreed timetable based on agreed principles
j) mobilize additional financial resources from multiple sources , including reducing the cost of remittances
k) encourage long-term private foreign investment and inclusive finance
l) ensure adequate financial resources for investments in sustainable development
m) ensure debt sustainability and debt relief
n) promote inclusive, participatory decision-making at both national and international levels , including the conclusion of reforms for increasing effective participation of developing countries in international financial institutions
o) strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including by improving tax collection and the efficiency of public spending, reducing tax evasion and avoidance, ensuring the transparency of beneficial ownership, improving stolen asset recovery, and strengthening systems to harness domestic savings for investment
We consider that “transparency of beneficial ownership” is a major step forward in the fight agains tax evasion and avoidance and the improvement of stolen asset recovery. Levels of corruption and illicit financial flows are very difficult to identify at the moment, since authorities lack the instruments to assess them. Transparency of beneficial ownership may contribute to remedy this situation.
p) promote sustainable public procurement that could contribute to sustainable development, including through national targets
On p), there is no multilaterally agreed definition of “sustainable public procurement”, and we would prefer to insert a mention to “sustainable development”.
Capacity building:
q) expand by x% globally the number of scholarships for students from LDCs to enroll in higher education programmes in developed countries and other developing countries, with focus on science, engineering and management
r) substantially strengthen capacities for sustainable development data collection and analysis with a focus on generating disaggregated, timely and high-quality data
s) countries progressively introduce expanded measures of progress beyond GDP into national accounting, with supportive statistical capacity building in developing countries
t) develop and implement capacity building programmes in developing countries, especially LDCs, in support of the national plans implementing sustainable development goals, including in agriculture, water, energy, health as well as in disaster prevention and reduction capacity and sustainable natural resources management
On t), we prefer not to detail the sectors on which developing countries could receive capacity building, as this could be a non-exhaustive list and, in any case, their selection would depend on specific national circumstances and priorities of each country.
Strengthened global partnership for sustainable development
u) engage all stakeholders in implementation of the SDGs, including through effective, innovative and accountable partnerships in cooperation with governments that mobilize financial resources, develop and disseminate technologies and provide technical expertise
Central role of State has to be emphazised in target U)
v) regular monitoring and reporting of progress on SDGs within a shared accountability framework, including means of implementation, the global partnership among Member States and multi-stakeholder initiatives and partnerships
COMMENTS: We should avoid categorization between developing countries
CBDR must be reflected
Focus area 16. Peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law and capable accountable institutions
Peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law and capable accountable institutions
THE ELEMENTS BELOW SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE AGENDA IN A CROSSCUTTING MANNER – MAINSTREAMED
Creating peaceful and inclusive societies:
a) by 2030 reduce by x% crime, violence and exploitation especially of children and women including by reducing organized crime and human trafficking
b) by 2030 eliminate discriminatory laws, policies and practices, empower marginalized groups, in the social, political and economic fields
c) by 2030 establish inclusive, participatory decision-making, including at local governments, taking into consideration the interests of future generations
d) by 2020 provide information and education on a culture of non-violence
e) by 2030 implement planned and managed migration policies
ENSURE ACCOUNTABILITY FOR SERIOUS CRIMES OF INTERNATIONAL CONCERN
Rule of law, capable accountable institutions:
a) by 2030 develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
b) by 2030 provide equal access to ACCOUNTABLE AND independent and responsive justice systems including related to property and tenure rights, employment, business, taxation, trade and finance
c) by 2020 provide public services for all, including legal identity the link between these two elements with rule of law.
d) improve access to information on public finance management, public procurement and on the implementation of national development plans THIS CALL HAS TO BE GENERAL
e) by 2030 decrease by x% corruption in all its forms and illicit financial flows
f) remove unnecessary restrictions of freedom of media, association and speech
Appropriate means of implementation
Endnotes
The “Endnotes” which close the document run against UN and multilateral fora practice as it is not common practice to include attributions in this kind of documents. Secondly, they do not accurately reflect the real positions of the countries mentioned, and this could lead to a discussion of the different attributions, what could not be helpful to make progress in the negotiations. Therefore, we propose the deletion of the whole section of endnotes.
Endnotes
Working Document for 5 – 9 May Session of Open Working Group
GENERAL COMMENTS:
As Rio plus 20 mandates, we understand that the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals is an intergovernmental process and, as such, deadlines to make observations should not be imposed. This is a relevant process to the international community and there are many concerns that should be consulted with our national authorities and civil society respectively. Negotiations of SDGs objectives and goals have to be UN Member-driven, the current format has reached its end; we must start informal consultations.
As a general principle, negotiations of SDGs objectives and goals have to be UN Member-driven.
As stated by the Co-Chairs, we believe the document is under their own responsibility, and therefore does not necessarily reflect the positions presented by all Un Members.
The process of defining SDGs was launched at the Rio+20 Conference and, therefore, any work must take into account the outcome of Rio+20, and the reaffirmation of the Rio principles agreed in that Conference. Therefore, we want to express our concern that the document circulated by the Co-chairs ignores basic tenets of that outcome, especially the principle of common and differentiated responsibilities.
Moreover, the whole question of development involves addressing the issue of existing asymmetries between developed and developing countries and negotiating ways in which they may be overcome. This is recognized in the Rio principles and, also, for instance, in the Doha Round Mandate for trade multilateral negotiations and the UNFCCC. Thus, this should be also recognized in any SDG document.
In the diverse Focal Areas, no appropriate means of implementation are being specifically identified, and Focus Area 15 addresses “Means of Implementation” in a way which does not sufficiently take into account the asymmetries mentioned above, placing most of the weight of development finance on developing countries.
Negotiation of means of implementation should precede any definition of commitments to be made by countries with regard to sustainable development goals.
The agriculture, industry and economic growth-related focus areas, including sustainable consumption and production, are very unbalanced, and could lead to disguised restrictions on international trade.
We emphasise our disagreement with the inclusion of Focus area 16 (ex 19).
The “Endnotes” which close the document run against UN and multilateral fora practice as it is not common practice to include attributions in this kind of documents. Secondly, they do not accurately reflect the real positions of the countries mentioned, and this could lead to a discussion of the different attributions, what could not be helpful to make progress in the negotiations.
The document uses language which has not been agreed either in UNGA or in multilateral fora with primary responsibility in the negotiations of the subjects it deals with, such as, for example, “climate-smart agriculture”. Using concepts with no multilateral consensus should be avoided, as well as prejudging discussion that are taking place in the competent fora.
There is unnecessary repetition of targets in the different Focus Areas.
We will provide more comments and inputs during the next meeting of the Group.
Focus area 1. Poverty eradication, building shared prosperity and promoting equality
End poverty in all its forms everywhere
a) eradicate extreme poverty by 2030
b) reduce the proportion of people living below national poverty lines by 2030.
c) by 2030 implement nationally appropriate social protection measures including floors , with focus on coverage of the most marginalized
d) build resilience of the poor and reduce by x% deaths and economic losses related to disasters not all countries apply the concept of “resilience”, we should use agreed concepts and change this concept
e) achieve full and productive employment for all, including women and young people :
f) ensure equality of economic opportunity for all women and men , including secure right to own land, property and other productive assets and access to financial services for all women and men
Means of Implementation
- Ensure predictable and adequate international financing for developing countries requiring assistance to implement poverty reduction policies and programmes,
- Ensure the fulfillment of the commitments by developed countries to provide 0.7 per cent of gross national income (GNI) for official development assistance (ODA) for developing countries, as well as a target of 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of gross national product for official development assistance to the least developed countries by 2020 and 1 per cent by 2030
- Ensure that global trade and investment rules are designed and implemented with the objective of addressing pro-actively the specific constraints faced by developing countries, including the effective operationalization of the principle of special and differential treatment for developing countries, especially those facing increasing marginalization in the globalizing world economy
- To ensure that adequate policy space is given to developing countries by International organisations and rules to enable developing countries to establish and implement their policies in favour of poverty eradication and interests of the poor
Ensure debt sustainability
Focus area 2. Sustainable agriculture, food security and nutrition
End hunger and improve nutrition for all through sustainable agriculture and improved food systems
Title of this goal should be modified to “End hunger and improve nutrition for all”
We propose the following additional targets:
- increase agricultural productivity by x%, including through adequate irrigation, seeds and fertilisers, while in parallel halting and reversing land degradation, drought and desertification
- Enhance productive capacity of small farmers in developing countries through proper functioning of markets, storage, rural infrastructure, research, post-harvest practices
- Increase by x% market access for agricultural products from developing countries by 2030
a) all people have access to adequate (safe, affordable, diverse and nutritious) food all year round
b) end malnutrition in all its forms, notably stunting and wasting in children under five years of age
c) by 2030 ensure more sustainable food production systems with higher yields, and reduce intensity of use of water by at least x%, chemicals by at least y%, and energy by at least z% whenever and wherever possible, given the particular conditions, development priorities and limitations of each country.
It is impossible to demand high yields to all countries, when most of them are not able to produce high yields due to natural and climatic conditions.
The establishment of “x” and “y” universal percentages does not take into account the principle of common and differentiated responsibilities, as stated by the Rio+20 Conference Outcome (par.15). Furthermore, it should be borne in mind that there are countries –especially LDCs- which will find it impossible to reduce the intensity of water use, consumption of chemicals and of energy since their agricultural sector is based on self-sufficient agriculture, and should they become capable of producing surpluses, they will necessarily demand more use of water and/or chemicals. As stated, this target will reinforce poverty in the poorest countries. In addition, reducing the intensity of use of water, chemicals and energy in the agricultural sector would mean producing less food, in contradiction with the need to safeguard food security in the context of a world growing population during the next decades.
d) by 2030 achieve access to adequate inputs, knowledge, productive resources, financial services and markets for small farmers and fishers, with a particular focus on women and indigenous peoples
e) reduce the global rate of loss and waste along the food supply chain by 50 percent by 2030
The inclusion of a reduction of 50% for all countries does not take into account the existing asymmetries between developed and developing countries. Moreover, it seems too ambitious; any percentage should be based on assessments made by experts on the field, particularly in LDCs. On the other hand, in countries which have relatively little waste it will be definitely impossible to reduce waste by 50% if they are major agricultural producers.
f) all countries should aim at having have in place sustainable land-use agriculture policies by 203020, and all drought-prone countries develop and implement drought preparedness policies by 2020
“Sustainable land-use” is not multilaterally agreed language, it was not mentioned in the Outcome of the Rio+20 Conference, and it is misleading. The correct expression should be “sustainable agriculture”, as agreed in the Rio plus 20 Conference, but the document should be speaking of “aiming at”, not of “having in place”; implementing sustainable agriculture policies cannot be achieved in five years time at a global level.
g) achieve climate-smart agriculture that is resilient and adaptable to extreme weather including drought, climate change and natural disasters
h) achieve by 2030 protection of agricultural biodiversity, including through use of the practices and local knowledge related to agro-biodiversity and diversity of food
In relation to g), “climate smart agriculture” is not-agreed language at multilateral level, as it is a concept proposed by the FAO Secretariat but that has not been agreed by its Members neither by UN Members. In addition, the scope of that concept is unclear, and it could lead to mitigation in the agricultural sector in absolute terms, which is not technically possible due to the need of feeding a growing world population.
Moreover, the concept has not been agreed in the competent multilateral fora on climate change, the UNFCCC, in which there is consensus to work on adaptation of agriculture to the adverse effects of climate change (through proposals by the G77 and China), and not on mitigation. In this respect, the SDGs should not prejudge the discussions in the primary fora and should not include the concept. Instead, they should focus on increasing the adaptive capacity of agriculture, in line with the agreements reached in the UNFCCC and the urgencies faced by the agricultural sector due to its particular vulnerabilities to climate change impacts. In addition, the scope of “resilience” remains unclear and is unnecessary since it would duplicate the term “adaptable”.
In relation to h), “agricultural biodiversity” it is not clear its scope or meaning, and it would be positive to clarify its definition, as it has not been included in the Convention on Biological Biodiversity.
Means of Implementation
- Eliminate by 20xx all export subsidies in developed countries (in line with WTO Hong Kong Declaration 2005, which agreed on an elimination target year of 2013)
- Substantially and effectively phase out trade distorting subsidies in developed countries by x% by 20xx
- Increase the flow, transfer and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound agricultural technologies to developing countries by 2020
- Support developing countries, especially LDCs, in implementing capacity building programmes in support of the national plans for agriculture
- Provide developing countries adequate policy space, including in conditions for loans and aid, to support their agriculture sector and their farmers through various measures such as credit, marketing, storage, processing, provision of agricultural inputs, land reform and land improvement measures, and measures to make agriculture more sustainable through improved sustainable agriculture methods
- Avoid rules that create barriers to small farmers’ access and use of seeds and other agricultural inputs, for example the patenting by international companies of seeds or genetic resources that originate in developing countries
Focus area 3. Health and population dynamics
Healthy life at all ages for all
a) by 2030 reduce the maternal mortality ratio to less than 40 per 100,000 live births , end preventable new-born and child deaths and reduce by x% child and maternal morbidity
b) by 2030 end the epidemics of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases PROPOSAL: b) alt: Promote prevention and early detection and ENSURE UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO THE COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF HIV / AIDS tuberculosis, malaria and other tropical disease,.
c) reduce by x% the risk of prematurePREVENTABLE mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs), injuries and promote mental health with strong focus on prevention It is not appropriate to set the same goal for diseases (with emphasis on prevention) and mental health, where the emphasis is on the human rights of people with disabilities and therefore on the person, not the symptom or disease. We suggest replacing “premature mortality” with “preventable mortality”, in line with the most widely used terminology, and removing “and promote mental health” from this section.
d) achieve universal health coverage (UHC), including financial risk protection, with particular attention to the most marginalized The added value of the referring to “financial risk protection” in this paragraph is unclear.
e) by 2030 ensure universal access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all,
f) ensure universal access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health for all, including modern methods of family planning .
g) decrease by x% the number of deaths and illnesses from indoor and outdoor air pollution and other forms of environmental degradation Although we understand the overall purpose of this goal, it is unclear how it is determined what deaths can be directly attributed to pollution. So, this goal lacks the clear and effective impact we are looking for in the new agenda.
h) Eliminate narcotic drug and substance abuse The debate on this issue is not ripe enough to include a target in this framework.
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- Support research and development of vaccines and medicines for the common diseases of developing countries
- Ensure affordable access to affordable medicines, including through the use of TRIPS flexibilities to obtain use and produce affordable generic medicines by 20xx
- Further collaboration and cooperation at the national and international levels to strengthen health systems through increased health financing, recruitment, development and training and retention of the health workforce, through improved distribution and access to safe, affordable, effective and quality medicines, vaccines and medical technologies, and by improving health infrastructure
Focus area 4. Education and life-long learning
Provide quality education and life-long learning for all
a) by 2030 ensure universal, free, equitable access to and completion of quality primary and secondary education for all girls and boys, leading to effective learning outcomes .
ensure that persons with disabilities have access to inclusive education, skills development and vocational training as well as their access into labor markets by 2030”
b) by 2030 increase by x% the proportion of children able to access and complete quality pre-primary education .
c) by 2030 achieve universal youth and adult literacy, with particular attention to women and the most marginalized .
d) by 2030 increase by x% the number of young and adult women and men with vocational training, technical, engineering and scientific skills
e) integrate relevant knowledge and skills in education curricula, including ICT skills , education for sustainable development, and awareness raising on culture’s contribution to sustainable development .
f) all schools to provide safe and healthy learning environment for all students .
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- expand by x% globally the number of scholarships for students from developing countries in particular LDCs to enroll in higher education programmes in developed countries and other developing countries, with focus on science, engineering and management
Focus area 5. Gender equality and women’s empowerment
Attain gender equality and women’s empowerment everywhere
a) by 2030 end all forms of discrimination against women of all ages
b) by 2030 end violence against women and girls in all its forms,
c) by 2030 ensure equal access to education at all levels
d) by 2030 ensure equal employment opportunities for women and equal pay for equal work
e) by 2030 ensure equal access to, and control of, assets and resources, including natural resources management
f) ensure equal participation and leadership of women in decision-making in public and private institutions
g) by 2030 end child, early and forced marriage
h) by 2030 reduce the burden of unpaid care work
i) by 2030 ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights
j) promote the availability of gender disaggregated data to improve gender equality policies, including gender sensitive budgeting
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- Use of enabling technologies, in particular ICT for the empowerment of women
Focus area 6. Water and sanitation
ACCESS TO Water and sanitation for a sustainable world FOR ALL
a) by 2030, provide universal access to safe and affordable drinking water, sanitation and hygiene , especially for women and girls HYGIENE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN HEALTH AREA
b) by 2030, improve wastewater management, recycling and reuse by x%
c) by 2030, improve water-use efficiency by x% in all sectors, with particular focus on agriculture
A specific target on the increase of water use efficiency would be contrary to the principle of CBDR, and agriculture should not be particularly targeted in comparison to other sectors, since it is fundamental for food security and for social and economic development and poverty eradication, in particular in developing countries
c)d) implement integrated water resource management, including appropriate trans-boundary co-operation
d)e) by 2030, bring fresh water extraction in line with sustainable supply, protect and restore ecosystems, to provide water-related services
e)f) by 2030, significantly improve water quality, eliminate pollution and dumping of toxic materials in water bodies, and protect aquifers
f)g) invest in water harvesting and storage technologies, and double the rainwater harvested by 2030
g)h) decrease by x% mortality and serious injuries, and decrease economic losses caused by water-related disasters, by 2030
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
Support efforts in developing countries on water and sanitation activities and programmes, through provision of financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer
Focus area 7. Energy
Ensure access to affordable, sustainable, and reliable modern energy SERVICES for all
a) by 2030 ensure universal access to sustainable modern energy services
b) double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030
c) double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency, including in buildings, industry, agriculture and transport, by 2030
d) by 2030 increase by x% the share of clean and low- or zero-emission energy technologies, including sustainable biomass and advanced cookstoves
e) by 2030 rationalise and phase out fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption over the medium term, whenever possible, while being conscious of the necessity to provide targeted support for the poorest
On c), we consider the global target on energy efficiency should be general, as presenting a list of sectors could risk of being too prescriptive, when each country should define, in accordance with its nationally defined priorities, the sectors where it would be most appropriate to improve energy efficiency.
On d), we prefer not to predetermine a specific target for the share of clean energy technologies, as this will depend on national policies, circumstances and needs. Any “one size fits all” policies and global measures would be in contravention of the principle of CBDR and would not recognize the differences between developing and developed countries. In addition, the multilaterally agreed terminology is “clean energies”, that would cover energies that contribute to climate change mitigation.
On e), on fossil fuel subsidy reform, this issue has been addressed in the UN Rio plus 20 Conference, and it is important to respect the outcome document, where countries reaffirmed, in its par. 225, the “commitments they have made to phase out harmful and inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption and undermine sustainable development, while there was an invitation for others to consider rationalizing inefficient fossil fuel subsidies by removing market distortions, including restructuring taxation and phasing out harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their environmental impacts, with such policies taking fully into account the specific needs and conditions of developing countries, with the aim of minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development and in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities”.
In addition, this issue has to be seen from the broader perspective of the relationship of energy with development and poverty eradication, even more in a global context in which 1.4 billion people do not have access to energy services, and where developing countries subsidies are related to social development aspirations. It is important to take into account the national character of energy policies, and to avoid international policy recommendations that could not be appropriate for specific national conditions and priorities.
Means of Implementation
- Encouraging public and private sector investment, in particular public-private partnerships, in relevant and needed cleaner energy technologies
- Encourage the use of TRIPS flexibilities in relation to promoting the use of environmentally sound energy technologies
- Strengthen international cooperation, including the provision of financial resources, building and technology transfer to developing countries to support their efforts towards universal energy access
- Enable greater access by developing countries to affordable access to clean energy technology, and in this regard, operationalize the UN Global Technology Facilitation Mechanism by 2017
- Remove by 20xx, barriers that developing countries face or may face, in obtaining access to clean energy technologies
Focus area 8. Economic growth, employment and infrastructure
COMMENT:
- Given that there was no mandate from member states for their merger with the focus area of ‘economic growth’, we strongly insist that the Focus Areas of Infrastructure and Employment be restored as independent focus areas.
- While the focus area talks of ‘Infrastructure’, this is missing from the proposed goal
Promote sustainable, inclusive and sustained economic growth and decent jobs for all
a) sustain income growth of the bottom 40% of the income distribution of each country to reduce income inequalities by 2030
PROPOSALS:
a) bis) “Attain trend economic growth of at least 6% per annum in low income countries and near to that level for other developing countries
a) ter) by 2030 increase significantly the incomes of economic activities of community organizations, small-scale producers and microenterprises in all sectors.
a) quat)Promote growth policies that incorporate elements of social inclusiveness (especially benefits to the poor and vulnerable), economic inclusiveness (promotion of small and medium enterprises and small farmers) and environmental sustainability
a) quint) “Support the development and improve the provision in particular in developing countries of reliable and sustainable transport, including road and rail links, ports, air and trade routes, financial services and ICT connectivity”
b) achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all who seek employment including for marginalized groups by 2030
c) halve substantially reduce the number of youth not in employment, education or training by 2020
Each country faces different youth unemployment problems, and an across the board reduction of 50% by 2020 is unrealistic. Moreover, the impact of the consequences of the global economic and financial crises between 2007 and 2012 are making themselves felt on developing countries, which are seeing their economic growth rate being substantially reduced, and that situation may not be reversed in the short-term.
d) DELETE ALT by 2030 improve by x% the energy and resource productivity of economic activities and reduce by y% their waste and emissions per unit of output -
This paragraph runs against par.15 of the Rio+20 Conference Outcome, and it does not take into account “common and differentiated responsibilities”, equalizing developing and developed countries´obligations in terms of environmental protection. This would also be contrary to the special and differential treatment for developing countries in WTO rules.
e) ALT Devise and implement policies aimed at increasing the role of create appropriate climate for SMEs in national economies, as well as promoting entrepreneurship and innovation by 203020
There is no agreement on the meaning of “climate. The wording should be more specific in aiming at increasing the role of SMEs in national economies. It should also set a realistic date by 2030, since, as it was said above, the economies of developing countries are being deeply affected by the impact of the consequences of the last two global economic and financial crises.
f) increase the share of high productivity sectors and activities in the economy , and strengthen productive capacities through technological upgrading and greater value addition, with a particular focus on LDCs
g) develop sustainable infrastructure accessible to all , with attention to needs of countries in special situations , and by 2030 provide access for 100% of rural populations to basic infrastructure and services
h) protect the rights of all workers, including migrant workers, in compliance with ILO fundamental rights at work
i) end child labour by 2030
j) encourage formalization of informal sector activities and employment
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- facilitating international technology cooperation and technology transfer, particularly for environmentally sound technologies
- Developing countries to be provided with international financing to enable them to implement growth and development strategies
- International trade and investment rules should be designed to promote growth and development of developing countries, especially low income countries
- Debt relief for developing countries
- Establishing a UN Global Technology Facilitation Mechanism
- Create conducive regulatory and financial systems at all levels to promote sustained growth in developing countries
- Promote trade facilitation and market access for developing countries
- Provide support to developing countries in planning and building resilient infrastructure including for disaster risk reduction
COMMENT:
The objectives of inclusive economic growth and decent employment are clearly related, although in the current wording the link between the two is not clear and should be deepened through the selection of a few targets which connect them. In this sense, we estimate that targets (b), (c) and possibly (j) could be consolidated into two or one target with strong ability to impact and transform reality.
The goals from (d) to (g) seem closer to economic development conditionalities than to an inclusive development agenda, and the amplitude of said proposals raises doubts about the capacity of states to set specific comparable indicators and to follow them from a comprehensive perspective of sustainable development.
Focus area 9. Industrialization and promoting equality among nations
Focus area 9. Industrialization and promoting equality among nations
Promote sustainable industrialization and equality among nations
a) ensure adequate policy space and a conducive policy environment for promote industrial development, including encouragement of industrial entrepreneurship and enterprise formation with inclusion of industrial SMEs
As it was pointed out with regard to the meaning of “climate” in Focus Area 8 (e), there is no agreement with regard to “conducive policy environment”. The wording should be more specific in aiming at increasing the role of SMEs in national economies. It should also set a realistic date by 2030, since, as it was said above, the economies of developing countries are being deeply affected by the impact of the consequences of the last two global economic and financial crises.
PROPOSALS:
A bis) “Developing countries to climb to the next stage of economic development by 2030”
A ter) “Increase economic diversification in developing countries including by adding value to raw materials and commodities through domestic processing and manufacturing”
A quat) “ Achieve sustained industrial development in developing countries especially low income countries by raising the share of manufacturing and upgrading industrial technology and capability”
A quinta) “ensuring favourable market access for industrial products and processed commodities of developing countries”
Add “Establish measures at global level to reduce inequality among countries”
b) create decent industrial sector jobs and promote job-rich industrial development
c) achieve high productivity levels across industrial sectors in all countries
d) by 2030 increase industrial diversity particularly in developing countries, with a focus on shifting towards higher value-added activities
e) by 2030, increase by x% the resource-efficiency of industry , reduce by y% harmful chemicals used and waste generated , and decrease by z% the intensity of carbon emissions from the industrial sector
Again, this paragraph runs against par.15 of the Rio+20 Conference Outcome, and it does not take into account “common and differentiated responsibilities”. Moreover, the intergovernmental process of defining the SDGs should not advance in matters which are still being negotiated within the UNFCCC.
f) increase by a factor of x the share of environmentally sustainable products and services in GDP
Once more, this paragraph runs against par.15 of the Rio+20 Conference Outcome, and it does not take into account “common and differentiated responsibilities”. In addition, there is no multilaterally agreed definition on “environmentally sustainable products and services” nor was it included in the Rio+20 Outcome. Neither is there a consensus in the WTO on “environmental goods”; so, this proposal is contrary to the WTO non-discrimination rules between similar products.
g) by 2020 implement plans and measures to strengthen the technological capabilities of industrial sectors, including plans to accelerate development, transfer and adoption of environmentally sound industrial technologies and processes
The dimension of transfer of technologies is missing, when there are obligations for developed countries to transfer technologies to developing countries for these ones to develop endogenous technologies and know-how.
h) DELETE
h)by 2030 retrofit x% of existing industries on global level based on energy and resource-efficient technologies and environmentally sound industrial processes
The comments to above also apply to this target.
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- Ensure that international trade rules and regulations are consistent with the objectives of industrial development and technological progress in developing countries in order to ensure equality of economic opportunities for all
- Strengthen international cooperation, including the provision of financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer to developing countries” in support of developing countries’ industrial development objectives
- Developing countries to be provided with international financing, technology and capacity building to enable them to develop their infrastructure
Focus area 10. Sustainable cities and human settlements
COMMENTS:
-Move targets on Disaster Risk Reduction from Focus Area 1 and Focus Area 6
-There is over-emphasis on ‘Cities’ in targets under this goal. It would be better to keep a broad and inclusive approach, so as not to neglect rural areas.
Build inclusive, safe and sustainable cities and human settlements
a) By 2030, ensure universal access to adequate and affordable housing and basic services for all , and eliminate slum-like conditions everywhere
b) By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport for all , improve road safety and urban air quality
c) enhance capacities for integrated urban planning and management
d) by 2030, reduce the ecological footprints of cities by x% -
This concept has no definition and has not been accepted at the international level
e) by 2020, increase by x% the number of cities rural and urban areas’ adopting and implementing policies and plans towards resilience and adaptation to climate change and natural disasters
f) by 2030 enhance social cohesion and personal security, and ensure universal access to inclusive and safe public spaces
g) by 2030 ensure that all cities are accessible and offer opportunities to persons with disabilities
h) protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- Provide developing countries with enhanced international financing to enable them to promote sustainable human settlements
- Support the development and improve the provision in particular in developing countries of reliable and sustainable transport, including road and rail links, ports, air and trade routes, financial services and ICT connectivity
- Assist developing countries in enhancing their capacities and ensure affordable access to related know-how, science, technologies and innovations
Focus area 11. Sustainable Consumption and Production
Promote sustainable consumption and production patterns
COMMENTS
- This goal needs an explicit assertion that developed countries are to take the lead
Reduce the average material intensity of consumption per capita in developed countries by xx% in 2030
a) by 2030 achieve sustainable management and use of natural resources
a bis)Reduce per capita energy consumption in developed countries by x% by 20xx
a ter) Reduce per capita wastage of food at consumer level in developed countries by x% by 20xx
a quat)Ensure the full and effective implementation of 10 FYP on SCP taking into account for developed countries to take the lead in the process
a quint) Promote sound management of chemicals and hazardous materials in accordance with agreed international frameworks
b) by 2030 reduce waste by x% through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse
c) DELETE improve the resource productivity of economic activities by x% , including through sustainable supply chains by 2030
In relation to c), it is unclear the scope of the mention to “resource productivity of economic activities”, as well as “sustainable supply chains”, as this is not multilaterally defined.
d) by 2030 redouble efforts to raise awareness for creating a culture of sufficiency and sustainable lifestyles that contribute to sustainable development , including sustainability information on products and services
On d), “sustainable lifestyles” is not defined in the Rio plus 20 outcome document, nor the inclusion as part of that concept of the sustainability information on products and services. On this issue, the agreements agreed in Rio should be respected, in particular par. 47 and 48, in particular the needs of developing countries for capacity building in this regard.
e) DELETE by 2020, encourage economic incentives that promote sustainable consumption and production patterns including through a product life-cycle approach
On e), it is unclear the scope of the mention to “economic incentives that promote SCP patterns”, as it goes beyond Rio plus 20 outcomes and could relate to subsidies with trade implications.
f) by 2030 increase by x percentage points the share of publicly listed and large companies reporting on corporate social and environmental responsibility , including integrated reporting
On f), as agreed in Rio plus 20 (par. 47), the corporate sustainability information needs to considered by publicly listed and large companies, moreover taking into account the specific challenges that small and medium enterprises face in this respect, due to their relative minor financial and technological capacities.
g) REFORMULATE OR DELETE by 2030, all financial sector actors incorporate sustainable development principles in their business practices
h) create incentives for sustainable tourism
COMMENT:
The current wording of the targets does not seem to reflect the reality of developing countries. The proposed actions will only be possible with strong agreements on means of implementations.
Appropriate means of implementation
Means of Implementation
- Provide financial and technological support as well as capacity building required to achieve SCP patterns in developing countries
- Assist developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacities to move towards more sustainable patterns of consumption and production
Focus area 12. Climate change
Take urgent and significant action to mitigate and adapt to climate change
Build a climate change goal based on the outcome of COP21 of the UNFCCC
a) hold the increase in global average temperature below an x°C rise in accordance with international agreements
b) build resilience and adaptive capacity to climate induced hazards in all vulnerable countries
c) integrate climate adaptation and emissions reductions into development plans and poverty reduction strategies
d) introduce instruments and incentives for investments in low-carbon solutions in infrastructure, industry and other sectors
e) improve education and awareness raising on climate change
Appropriate means of implementation
COMMENT
We cannot not prejudge the outcome of the COP 21 (Paris 2015). The UNFCCC is the only forum where issues related to climate change are negotiated. Also, cannot accept to establish an objective within this process because the targets/goals on climate will be decided in the framework of the UNFCCC.
We call for the deletion of this standalone goal and to appropriately mainstream climate change under relevant goals. Climate change can also be addressed in the narrative.
It is also important to flag that no matter whether under a standalone goal or as mainstreamed under other goals, any reference to climate change must be accompanied with an explicit inclusion of the principles and provisions of the UNFCCC in particular equity, CBDR and RC. This is important so as not to prejudice the positions of delegations under the ongoing negotiations in UNFCCC.
Focus area 13. Conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, oceans and seas
Take urgent and significant actions for the conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, oceans and seas
COMMENT:
Due to the fact that most of these targets are based on previous commitments of Agenda 21, Johannesburg and Rio plus 20, we propose to tackle them in a cross-cutting manner, eliminating focus area 13 as such and incorporating them in other focus areas, such as Economic Growth /Sustainable agriculture – Focus Area 2- (fisheries subsidies) and Ecosystems and Biodiversity –Focus area 14-. .
a) by 2030, prevent, control and reduce by x% marine pollution and marine disposal of waste and tailings, including from land-based activities
b) by 2030, restore and protect marine ecosystems from destruction , including by halting and preventing ocean acidification
c) by 2030, regulate harvesting to restore fish stocks to ecologically safe levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield , and support sustainable small-scale fisheries
d) develop and ensure the full implementation of existing regional and international regimes governing oceans and seas, including for resources in areas beyond national jurisdictions ALT: ensure full implementation of existing international instruments for the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and seas and their resources, and support the GA’s convening a negotiation of an implementing agreement of UNCLOS for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.
e) by 2020, combat illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing and destructive fishing practices in accordance with international law
f) establish conservation measures, including Marine Protected Areas within national jurisdiction, consistent with international law
g) by 2030, eliminate fisheriesing subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, in accordance with WTO Doha and Hong Kong mandates
On g), Commitment to the WTO mandates on the general prohibition of fisheries´subsidies need to be reflected in a strong manner, in particular of the WTO Doha Declaration (2001) and the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration (2005). These mandates have been adequately reflected in par.173 of the Rio plus 20 outcome document.
Focus area 14. Ecosystems and biodiversity
Protect and restore terrestrial ecosystems and halt all biodiversity loss
a) by 2020 halt the RATE OF loss of all biodiversity, including habitats, and protect threatened species
b) by 2020 ensure conservation and sustainable use of BIODIVERSITY AND ecosystems, including through restoration of degraded critical ecosystems
c) maintain genetic diversity of both farmed species and their wild relatives
d) by 2030, ensure sustainable management of all forests and mountain ecosystems, halting REDUCE deforestation and increasing INCREASE reforestation by x%
e) by 2030, achieve a land degradation neutral world
f) ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from THE USE OF natural assets, including genetic resources
g) end STRENGTHEN MEASURES AGAINST poaching and ILLEGAL trafficking of endangered species
h) by 2030, PRIORITY INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES ARE CONTROLLED OR ERRADICATED eliminate invasive alien species
i) ensure inclusion of indigenous PEOPLES and local communities in decision making, and promote THE RELEVANCE OF traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES FOR THE CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY
Appropriate means of implementation
COMMENTS: The proposed modifications have the objective of aligning this goal with the agreements in the Biodiversity Convention
Trade:
a) promote an open, rules-based, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading and financial systems , including complying with the agricultural mandate of the WTO Doha Round
The heading is on Trade; therefore, the wording should solely concentrate on trade issues. The WTO does not include negotiations on financial flows.
b) provide greater duty-free and quota-free market access to least developed countries in accordance keeping with World Trade Organization decisions
c) improve market access for agricultural and industrial exports of developing countries, especially Least Developed Countries, and at least double the share of LDCs’ exports in global exports by 2020
Technology transfer, technological capabilities:
d) enhance regional and international cooperation for science, technology, and innovation and solutions-oriented research , and enhance knowledge sharing, including through North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation
e) promote transfer and dissemination of clean and environmentally sound technologies to developing countries.
f) fully operationalize the Technology Bank and STI Capacity Building Mechanism for LDCs
g) strengthen institutions and build capacities in developing countries to undertake research, development and adaptation of technologies, including clean and environmentally sound technologies
h) support fully research and development of vaccines and medicines for the common diseases of developing countries, taking into account their characteristics, needs and priorities, notably LDCs
Financing and debt sustainability:
i) full implementation by developed countries of ODA commitments on an agreed timetable based on agreed principles
j) mobilize additional financial resources from multiple sources , including reducing the cost of remittances
k) encourage long-term private foreign investment and inclusive finance
l) ensure adequate financial resources for investments in sustainable development
m) ensure debt sustainability and debt relief
n) promote inclusive, participatory decision-making at both national and international levels , including the conclusion of reforms for increasing effective participation of developing countries in international financial institutions
o) strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including by improving tax collection and the efficiency of public spending, reducing tax evasion and avoidance, ensuring the transparency of beneficial ownership, improving stolen asset recovery, and strengthening systems to harness domestic savings for investment
We consider that “transparency of beneficial ownership” is a major step forward in the fight agains tax evasion and avoidance and the improvement of stolen asset recovery. Levels of corruption and illicit financial flows are very difficult to identify at the moment, since authorities lack the instruments to assess them. Transparency of beneficial ownership may contribute to remedy this situation.
p) promote sustainable public procurement that could contribute to sustainable development, including through national targets
On p), there is no multilaterally agreed definition of “sustainable public procurement”, and we would prefer to insert a mention to “sustainable development”.
Capacity building:
q) expand by x% globally the number of scholarships for students from LDCs to enroll in higher education programmes in developed countries and other developing countries, with focus on science, engineering and management
r) substantially strengthen capacities for sustainable development data collection and analysis with a focus on generating disaggregated, timely and high-quality data
s) countries progressively introduce expanded measures of progress beyond GDP into national accounting, with supportive statistical capacity building in developing countries
t) develop and implement capacity building programmes in developing countries, especially LDCs, in support of the national plans implementing sustainable development goals, including in agriculture, water, energy, health as well as in disaster prevention and reduction capacity and sustainable natural resources management
On t), we prefer not to detail the sectors on which developing countries could receive capacity building, as this could be a non-exhaustive list and, in any case, their selection would depend on specific national circumstances and priorities of each country.
Strengthened global partnership for sustainable development
u) engage all stakeholders in implementation of the SDGs, including through effective, innovative and accountable partnerships in cooperation with governments that mobilize financial resources, develop and disseminate technologies and provide technical expertise
Central role of State has to be emphazised in target U)
v) regular monitoring and reporting of progress on SDGs within a shared accountability framework, including means of implementation, the global partnership among Member States and multi-stakeholder initiatives and partnerships
COMMENTS: We should avoid categorization between developing countries
CBDR must be reflected
Focus area 16. Peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law and capable accountable institutions
Peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law and capable accountable institutions
THE ELEMENTS BELOW SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE AGENDA IN A CROSSCUTTING MANNER – MAINSTREAMED
Creating peaceful and inclusive societies:
a) by 2030 reduce by x% crime, violence and exploitation especially of children and women including by reducing organized crime and human trafficking
b) by 2030 eliminate discriminatory laws, policies and practices, empower marginalized groups, in the social, political and economic fields
c) by 2030 establish inclusive, participatory decision-making, including at local governments, taking into consideration the interests of future generations
d) by 2020 provide information and education on a culture of non-violence
e) by 2030 implement planned and managed migration policies
ENSURE ACCOUNTABILITY FOR SERIOUS CRIMES OF INTERNATIONAL CONCERN
Rule of law, capable accountable institutions:
a) by 2030 develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels
b) by 2030 provide equal access to ACCOUNTABLE AND independent and responsive justice systems including related to property and tenure rights, employment, business, taxation, trade and finance
c) by 2020 provide public services for all, including legal identity the link between these two elements with rule of law.
d) improve access to information on public finance management, public procurement and on the implementation of national development plans THIS CALL HAS TO BE GENERAL
e) by 2030 decrease by x% corruption in all its forms and illicit financial flows
f) remove unnecessary restrictions of freedom of media, association and speech
Appropriate means of implementation
Endnotes
The “Endnotes” which close the document run against UN and multilateral fora practice as it is not common practice to include attributions in this kind of documents. Secondly, they do not accurately reflect the real positions of the countries mentioned, and this could lead to a discussion of the different attributions, what could not be helpful to make progress in the negotiations. Therefore, we propose the deletion of the whole section of endnotes.
Endnotes
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